Laser-based fabrication and modification techniques have emerged as powerful tools to engineer tissue scaffolds with micro- and nanoscale precision. Compared with conventional scaffold fabrication, lasers enable contactless, spatially resolved patterning and crosslinking, fine control of porosity and channels, and highresolution deposition of cells and biomolecules. These capabilities improve cell guidance, nutrient transport, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation, and open the way to dynamic scaffolds. This review summarizes the fundamentals of laser-material interactions relevant to soft biomaterials, surveys contemporary laser-based methods, synthesizes biological responses, highlights tissue-specific applications, discusses limitations, and outlines future directions.

Salivary gland dysfunction is a significant clinical challenge resulting from conditions such as radiation therapy, autoimmune diseases, and aging. Although traditional treatments like artificial saliva provide symptomatic relief, they fail to restore glandular functionality. This review examined the emerging role of phytochemicals, particularly resveratrol and quercetin, as therapeutic agents for salivary gland regeneration. Both phyto chemicals had beneficial effects on stem cell activation and proliferation. Potential clinical applications as preventive measures and complementary treatments were evaluated. Future research directions to focus on mechanistic studies, drug delivery system optimization, and integration with stem cell approaches are suggested to advance these natural compounds toward clinical translation for salivary gland regeneration.

Salivary gland dysfunction significantly affects oral health and the quality of life, necessitating the development of effective regenerative therapies. In recent years, in vitro stem cell differentiation has emerged as a promising approach for salivary gland regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in this field and discusses various types of stem cells, differentiation protocols, and the challenges and opportunities for translation to clinical practice. Additionally, we explore the potential of stem cell-based therapies which may revolutionize salivary gland regeneration and improve patient outcomes in the future.