OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distribution frequency and characteristics of HLA-A and HLA-B loci in patients with immune-mediated Platelet transfusion refractoriness (iPTR) in order to provide data support for investigating HLA gene matching strategies for platelet transfusion and improving transfusion efficacy. METHODS: A total of 532 iPTR patients who applied for gene matched platelet at the Blood Center of Zhejiang Province between January 2020 and June 2024 were selected as the study subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from the patients, and the HLA-A and HLA-B loci were detected simultaneously using a PCR-sequence specific oligonucleotide probe method (PCR-SSO) and PCR-sequence based typing (PCR-SBT). Statistical methods were used to analyze the distributions of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens and genotypes on the platelet surface of the patients. An analysis of the differences was conducted to compare the results with the Common and Well-Documented (CWD) allele in the Chinese population from the China Marrow Donor Program (CMDP) database. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Blood Center of Zhejiang Province (Ethics No.: Provincial Blood Center Ethics Review 2023Yan No.004). RESULTS: Among the 532 iPTR patients, 19 HLA-A antigens (including 32 HLA-A alleles) and 37 HLA-B antigens (including 64 HLA-B alleles) were detected. The antigens with the highest frequencies were A2, A11, A24, and B46, B60, B58, with the combined distribution frequency of the top three antigens reaching 71.43% and 36.94%, respectively. The most prevalent alleles of the HLA-A and HLA-B loci were A*11:01, A*24:02, A*02:07 and B*46:01, B*40:01, B*58:01. The frequencies of common alleles A*01:01, A*02:07, A*11:02, A*30:01 and B*13:02, B*27:04, B*40:01, B*44:03, B*46:01 showed significant differences (P < 0.05) compared to the normal population in the CWD table (version 2.4) of CMDP. CONCLUSION The HLA-A and HLA-B genes of the iPTR patients showed great divergence, and the distribution frequencies of certain alleles have differed significantly from those of the normal population. This study has provided genetic data for exploring the molecular mechanism underlying iPTR, which is of significant clinical importance for searching HLA gene matched donors.
Humans ; HLA-B Antigens/genetics* ; Alleles ; Female ; HLA-A Antigens/genetics* ; Male ; Platelet Transfusion/adverse effects* ; Gene Frequency ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Genotype ; Aged ; Adolescent ; China

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ). Liver X receptors (LXRs), a member of the nuclear receptor transcription factor superfamily, are widely expressed in brain, which may be involved in the development and progression of AD. Based on the international and national publications pertaining to the association between LXRs and AD from 2010 to 2022, this review summarizes the advances on the involvement of LXRs in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism, inflammatory response and synapse formation in the pathogenesis of AD was reviewed, so as to provide insights into the prevention and treatment of AD.