BACKGROUND:Ankle inversion injuries frequently occur during landing,injuring the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments.Previous studies usually used indirect indicators,such as inversion angle,as an injury risk indicator,but epidemiological support is lacking.OBJECTIVE:To calculate anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligament strains using a three-dimensional multi-body foot model during a drop-landing and to investigate whether increasing the foot toe-out angle for landing would reduce the risk of inversion sprains.METHODS:Thirty-five participants with high sports demands[15 males and 20 females,age:(21.0±0.9)years,height:(176.2±8.8)cm,body mass:(71.6±12.8)kg]were recruited to perform a drop-landing test using a trapdoor device to simulate ankle inversion sprains.Two landing conditions were tested,i.e.,natural landing and toe-out landing.Kinematic data were collected using a 12-camera motion analysis system,the strains of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments were calculated using a three-dimensional rigid-body foot model.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:From natural landing to toe-out landing conditions,the anterior talofibular ligament strain decreased[natural landing=(3.57±1.92)％,toe-out landing=(0.36±1.18)％,P＜0.001,Cohen's d=2.01),as was the calcaneofibular ligament strain[natural landing=(1.38±1.80)％,toe-out landing=(0.28±2.29)％,P=0.003,Cohen's d=0.81).It could be concluded that increasing foot toe-out angle reduces anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligament strains during drop-landing with ankle inversion,thereby reducing the potential of ankle inversion sprains.

BACKGROUND:Ankle inversion injuries frequently occur during landing,injuring the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments.Previous studies usually used indirect indicators,such as inversion angle,as an injury risk indicator,but epidemiological support is lacking.OBJECTIVE:To calculate anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligament strains using a three-dimensional multi-body foot model during a drop-landing and to investigate whether increasing the foot toe-out angle for landing would reduce the risk of inversion sprains.METHODS:Thirty-five participants with high sports demands[15 males and 20 females,age:(21.0±0.9)years,height:(176.2±8.8)cm,body mass:(71.6±12.8)kg]were recruited to perform a drop-landing test using a trapdoor device to simulate ankle inversion sprains.Two landing conditions were tested,i.e.,natural landing and toe-out landing.Kinematic data were collected using a 12-camera motion analysis system,the strains of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments were calculated using a three-dimensional rigid-body foot model.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:From natural landing to toe-out landing conditions,the anterior talofibular ligament strain decreased[natural landing=(3.57±1.92)％,toe-out landing=(0.36±1.18)％,P＜0.001,Cohen's d=2.01),as was the calcaneofibular ligament strain[natural landing=(1.38±1.80)％,toe-out landing=(0.28±2.29)％,P=0.003,Cohen's d=0.81).It could be concluded that increasing foot toe-out angle reduces anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligament strains during drop-landing with ankle inversion,thereby reducing the potential of ankle inversion sprains.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of remazolam on sublingual microcirculation during anesthesia induction in the patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting under general anesthesia.Methods:Forty-two patients of both sexes, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅲ or IV, aged 45-75 yr, with body mass index of 18-30 kg/m 2, undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting under total intravenous anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups ( n=21 each) using a random number table method: propofol group (group P) and remazolam group (group R).Remazolam 0.15-0.35 mg/kg was intravenously infused in group R, and propofol 1.5-2.0 mg/kg was intravenously infused in group P, when patients lost consciousness and they did not response to shoulder tapping, the maintenance dose was adjusted as follows: remazolam 0.15-0.30 mg·kg -1·h -1 in group R and propofol 2.0-4.0 mg·kg -1·h -1 in group P. The BIS value was maintained at 45-55 during operation in the two groups.The proportion of perfused vessels for all vessels (PPV (all)), proportion of perfused small vessels (PPV (small)), perfused vessel density of all vessels (PVD (all)), and perfused small vessel density (PVD (small)) were recorded before induction (T 1), immediately after intubation (T 2) and 30 min after intubation (T 3).The cardiovascular events were recorded during anesthesia induction. Results:Compared with the baseline at T 1, PPV (all), PPV (small) and PVD (all) were significantly decreased at T 3 ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in PPV (all), PPV (small), PVD (all) and PVD (small) at T 2 in group P ( P>0.05), and no significant change was found in PPV (all), PPV (small), PVD (all) and PVD (small) at T 2 and T 3 in group R ( P>0.05).Compared with group R, PPV (small) was significantly decreased at T 3 in group P ( P<0.01). Conclusions:Remazolam exerts less inhibitory effect on sublingual microcirculation than propofol during anesthesia induction in the patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.