Icaritin(ICT)is an 8-isopentenylflavonoid,which is the main effective component of the tra-ditional Chinese medicine Epimedium.Previously,we found that Icaritin inhibits the growth of glioblasto-ma(GBM)cells.Herein we aim to study the in vivo anti-GBM effectiveness of Icaritin and explore its mechanism.The results of MTT assay,flow cytometry,comet assay and cellular immunofluorescence as-say in vitro showed that ICT inhibited the proliferation of four kinds of GBM cells,U87,U251,U118 and A172,induced early apoptosis(P＜0.001)and late apoptosis(P＜0.05)in U87 cells,induced DNA damage in U87 cells,and blocked the growth of U87 cells at the G0/G1 phase(P＜0.0001)in a concen-tration-time-dependent manner.In vivo subcutaneous tumor transplantation tumor experiments showed that feeding 200 mg/kg(P＜0.01)and 400 mg/kg(P＜0.001)ICT had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of GBM subcutaneous tumors,and had no significant toxic effects on heart,liver,spleen,lung and kidney tissues.The results of network pharmacological analysis,molecular docking and cellular thermodynamic experiments showed that there were 26 possible target proteins between ICT and GBM,a-mong which the expression of p53 in GBM tissues was significantly(P＜0.001)higher than in normal tis-sues,and the binding energy of ICT and p53 was lower;cellular thermodynamic experiments verified that ICT significantly enriched the level of p53 in the living cells of GBM,which indicated that ICT could tar-get p53.The expression of key proteins in the DNA damage repair and apoptosis-associated FOXO signa-ling pathway was detected by ICT.The results showed that the expression of ATR(P＜0.01),P53(P＜0.001),P21(P＜0.05)and γ-H2AX(P＜0.05)was up-regulated,whereas the expression of Cyc-lin E1(P＜0.01),E2F1(P＜0.05),CDK2(P＜0.01),Rb(P＜0.001),p-Rb(P＜0.0001)and WRN(P＜0.0001)expression were down-regulated.There was no significant change in the expres-sion of FOXO 1 in the FOXO pathway or a significant down-regulation of its phosphorylation level.This study demonstrated that ICT could effectively inhibit the growth of GBM cells in vivo.It targets p53 to regulate the DNA damage repair pathway and FOXO signaling pathway to induce GBM cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Aim To investigate the antidepressant mechanism of hyperforin via the utilization of single-cell sequencing technology.Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group,depres-sion model group,and hyperforin intervention group.The chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)model was induced and drug interventions were administered for 28 d.Behavioral experiments were conducted to as-sess depressive symptoms,and hippocampal tissue was collected for single-cell RNA sequencing.Key cell populations and differentially expressed genes across groups were identified,followed by PPI network,GO,and KEGG enrichment analysis.Results Behavioral experiments indicated that CUMS successfully induced depressive symptoms in mice,while hyperforin im-proved depressive behavior.In the depression model group,the proportion of brain perivascular macrophages(PVM)increased,and this proportion decreased after hyperforin intervention,approaching the level seen in the control group.The top 20 common differentially ex-pressed genes in the PVM subpopulation were Saa3,Hbb-bs and Ccl24.PPI network analysis identified core targets,including Ccl2,Dhx9,C3,Msr1,Cxcl2 and Cx3cr1.KEGG enrichment analysis revealed pathways related to chemokines,phagosome formation,and inosi-tol phosphate metabolism.Conclusion The antide-pressant mechanism of hyperforin may be related to the regulation of Ccl24 and its related chemokine signaling pathway by PVM.

Aim To investigate the antidepressant mechanism of hyperforin via the utilization of single-cell sequencing technology.Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group,depres-sion model group,and hyperforin intervention group.The chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)model was induced and drug interventions were administered for 28 d.Behavioral experiments were conducted to as-sess depressive symptoms,and hippocampal tissue was collected for single-cell RNA sequencing.Key cell populations and differentially expressed genes across groups were identified,followed by PPI network,GO,and KEGG enrichment analysis.Results Behavioral experiments indicated that CUMS successfully induced depressive symptoms in mice,while hyperforin im-proved depressive behavior.In the depression model group,the proportion of brain perivascular macrophages(PVM)increased,and this proportion decreased after hyperforin intervention,approaching the level seen in the control group.The top 20 common differentially ex-pressed genes in the PVM subpopulation were Saa3,Hbb-bs and Ccl24.PPI network analysis identified core targets,including Ccl2,Dhx9,C3,Msr1,Cxcl2 and Cx3cr1.KEGG enrichment analysis revealed pathways related to chemokines,phagosome formation,and inosi-tol phosphate metabolism.Conclusion The antide-pressant mechanism of hyperforin may be related to the regulation of Ccl24 and its related chemokine signaling pathway by PVM.

Icaritin(ICT)is an 8-isopentenylflavonoid,which is the main effective component of the tra-ditional Chinese medicine Epimedium.Previously,we found that Icaritin inhibits the growth of glioblasto-ma(GBM)cells.Herein we aim to study the in vivo anti-GBM effectiveness of Icaritin and explore its mechanism.The results of MTT assay,flow cytometry,comet assay and cellular immunofluorescence as-say in vitro showed that ICT inhibited the proliferation of four kinds of GBM cells,U87,U251,U118 and A172,induced early apoptosis(P＜0.001)and late apoptosis(P＜0.05)in U87 cells,induced DNA damage in U87 cells,and blocked the growth of U87 cells at the G0/G1 phase(P＜0.0001)in a concen-tration-time-dependent manner.In vivo subcutaneous tumor transplantation tumor experiments showed that feeding 200 mg/kg(P＜0.01)and 400 mg/kg(P＜0.001)ICT had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of GBM subcutaneous tumors,and had no significant toxic effects on heart,liver,spleen,lung and kidney tissues.The results of network pharmacological analysis,molecular docking and cellular thermodynamic experiments showed that there were 26 possible target proteins between ICT and GBM,a-mong which the expression of p53 in GBM tissues was significantly(P＜0.001)higher than in normal tis-sues,and the binding energy of ICT and p53 was lower;cellular thermodynamic experiments verified that ICT significantly enriched the level of p53 in the living cells of GBM,which indicated that ICT could tar-get p53.The expression of key proteins in the DNA damage repair and apoptosis-associated FOXO signa-ling pathway was detected by ICT.The results showed that the expression of ATR(P＜0.01),P53(P＜0.001),P21(P＜0.05)and γ-H2AX(P＜0.05)was up-regulated,whereas the expression of Cyc-lin E1(P＜0.01),E2F1(P＜0.05),CDK2(P＜0.01),Rb(P＜0.001),p-Rb(P＜0.0001)and WRN(P＜0.0001)expression were down-regulated.There was no significant change in the expres-sion of FOXO 1 in the FOXO pathway or a significant down-regulation of its phosphorylation level.This study demonstrated that ICT could effectively inhibit the growth of GBM cells in vivo.It targets p53 to regulate the DNA damage repair pathway and FOXO signaling pathway to induce GBM cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Objective:To retrospectively analyze and study the clinical characteristics, imaging manifestations, laboratory tests, electroencephalography (EEG) results, immunotherapy efficacy, and prognosis of 48 patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) in the Hengyang area.Methods:Clinical data of 48 AE patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital, and the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China from January 2020 to April 2024 were collected. Retrospective analysis was conducted on age, gender, prodromal symptoms, initial symptoms, main clinical manifestations, cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram, cerebrospinal fluid routine biochemistry, serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibody detection results, and immunotherapy efficacy.Results:Among the 48 patients, there were 24 males and 24 females, with a median age of onset of 50 years. In terms of clinical manifestations, abnormal mental behavior is the most common initial symptom, accounting for 37.5%(18/48); The next was epileptic seizures, accounting for 35.4%(17/48); 16.7%(8/48) of patients experienced cognitive impairment; Rare initial symptoms included movement disorders, blurred vision, and loss of consciousness. In terms of neuroimaging, 47.9%(23/48) of patients had abnormal signals on cranial MRI, including 47.8%(11/23) of abnormal signals in the temporal lobe or hippocampus, 39.1%(9/23) in the frontal and parietal regions, 17.4%(4/23) in the occipital region, 13.0%(3/23) in the basal ganglia, and 8.7%(2/23) in the thalamus. In terms of EEG, 33.3%(16/48) of patients showed varying degrees of EEG abnormalities, manifested as diffuse slow waves, focal slow waves, epileptic like discharges, or increased fast waves. In terms of laboratory testing, 60.4%(29/48) of patients had routine biochemical abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid, including elevated white blood cell count (>10×10 6 cells/L) in 33.3%(16/48), elevated protein (>0.45 g/L) in 37.5%(18/48), and elevated IgG in 33.3%(16/48). In terms of antibody testing, 27 cases were positive for antibodies, including 17 cases of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody, 3 cases of anti-contactin associated protein 2 (CASPR2) antibody, 3 cases of anti-metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGluR5) antibody, 2 cases of anti-dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein (DPPX) antibody, 1 case of anti-GlyR antibody, and 1 case of anti-GAD65 antibody. In terms of treatment, 33 patients received immunotherapy on the basis of symptomatic treatment, and 13 of them showed improvement in clinical symptoms. Conclusions:The clinical manifestations of AE patients are highly heterogeneous, with typical initial clinical manifestations including mental abnormalities, epileptic seizures, cognitive and motor disorders. Neuroimaging changes are mainly in the temporal lobe or hippocampus, and antibody detection can timely confirm the diagnosis of AE. Early immunotherapy is the key to improving the prognosis of AE.

This article reported a set of triplets with type V osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) caused by heterozygous variation in the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 5 ( IFITM5) gene. The triplets developed shortness of breath and multiple fractures at 21, 16, and 17 d after birth, respectively. On theadmission, scattered speckled patterns and hard swelling were observed in all three triplets during physical examination; several blisters were found on the right wrist of the second triplet; the smallest triplet had scattered blisters and ulcers in the mouth, complicated by neonatal sepsis, shock, respiratory failure, necrotizing enterocolitis, and intracranial infection. Whole-exome sequencing identified a pathogenic mutation in the triplets, that was located in the 5'-untranslated region of the IFITM5 coding gene, where a base C was converted to T (c.-14C>T). IFITM5 gene of the triplets. IFITM5 gene mutation can result in type V OI, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Based on the clinical phenotype caused by the variation in the IFITM5 gene and literature review, the triplets were diagnosed with congenital type V OI. After respiratory support, anti-infection treatment, and symptomatic support treatment, all three triplets were discharged with improved condition. They were followed up to the age of three years and their nutritional status were good. However, their gross motor development was slightly delayed, and they all experienced different degrees and sites of bone fractures again.

Norovirus is the global leading cause of epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages.To inves-tigate the genetic diversity of GⅡ genogroup noroviruses linked to clustered infections in northeast Chongqing,we collected anal swabs or environmental smears from 11 norovirus outbreaks during 2021-2022.Norovirus RNA was detected by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR),and partial viral RdRp/capsid genes were amplified by reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR)and sequenced.Among samples from 11 outbreaks in 4 districts and counties,55 strains of GⅡ genogroup norovirus were detected.Six genotypes were identified with an online norovirus genotyping tool(http://www.rivm.nl/mpf/norovirus/typingtool).Genotype GⅡ.17[P17]was associated with four outbreaks;the co-circulating GⅡ.17[P17]and GⅡ.1[P16]caused another out-break;GⅡ.6[P7]and GⅡ.8[P8]respectively were linked to two outbreaks;and GⅡ.3[P12]and GⅡ.2[P16]respectively ac-counted for one outbreak.Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that 55 GⅡ genogroup strains formed five clusters,with norovir-uses of identical genotypes from diverse events belonging to the same cluster,and that genetically distinct genotypes from di-verse events belonged to different clusters.Therefore,our results revealed that multiple genotypes associated with norovirus outbreaks were circulating in northeast Chongqing,and GⅡ.17[P17]was the predominant genotype linked to these out-breaks during 2021-2022.Most norovirus outbreak events were caused by single sources,and genetic relationships were demonstrated among noroviruses of identical genotypes from diverse events.

The current treatment of glioma is facing drug resistance,which limits the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy drugs.This study aims to explore the potential mechanisms of the trifluoromethylquinazoline compound(KZL204)against glioma.Through the Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)assay,we found that KZL204 significantly inhibits the growth of drug-resistant cancer cells,with a 48-hour half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)of 3.63±0.38 μmol/L,which is significantly better than the positive control drug temozolomide(TMZ)(IC50 value of 81.67±5.49 μmol/L).Additionally,flow cytometry analysis showed that KZL204 treatment significantly increased the apoptosis rate of drug-resistant tumor cells and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase.At the same time,the Transwell assay confirmed the inhibitory effect of KZL204 on the migration and invasion of drug-resistant cancer cells.Transcriptome analysis revealed 2 435 differentially expressed genes in drug-resistant cancer cells treated with KZL204,of which 1 320 were upregulated,and 1 115 were downregulated.KEGG and GO enrichment analysis showed that these differential genes were significantly enriched in apoptosis-related signaling pathways.Further bioinformatics prediction and Venn diagram analysis identified 35 potential core targets,with the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway being the most significant among the differentially expressed genes.Quantitative real-time PCR(RT-qPCR)experiments confirmed the downregulating effects of KZL204 on genes such as CREB3L1,CSF1,CXCL5,BCL3,and the upregulating effects on genes like FOS,LT A,PTGS2,MAP2K3.Immunoblotting experiments at the protein level also confirmed the impact of KZL204 on the expression of apoptotic proteins,including the upregulation of Bax,cleaved Caspase-3 protein,and the downregulation ofAKT,Bcl-2,Caspase-3,and Caspase-8 protein expression.In summary,KZL204 significantly inhibits the growth and metastasis of drug-resistant glioblastoma and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by regulating the PI3K-AKT and apoptosis-related signaling pathways,demonstrating its potential as a candidate drug against drug-resistant glioma.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is an increasingly common liver disease worldwide. MAFLD is diagnosed based on the presence of steatosis on images, histological findings, or serum marker levels as well as the presence of at least one of the three metabolic features: overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic risk factors. MAFLD is not only a liver disease but also a factor contributing to or related to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which is the major etiology responsible for morbidity and mortality in patients with MAFLD. Hence, understanding the association between MAFLD and CVD, surveillance and risk stratification of MAFLD in patients with CVD, and assessment of the current status of MAFLD management are urgent requirements for both hepatologists and cardiologists. This Taiwan position statement reviews the literature and provides suggestions regarding the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, risk stratification, nonpharmacological interventions, and potential drug treatments of MAFLD, focusing on its association with CVD.

The latest epidemiological data suggests that the situation of adult diabetes in China is severe, and metabolic diseases have become significant chronic illnesses that have a serious impact on public health and social development. After more than six years of practice, the National Metabolic Management Center(MMC) has developed distinctive approaches to manage metabolic patients and has achieved a series of positive outcomes, continuously advancing the standardized diagnosis and treatment model. In order to further improve the efficiency, based on the first edition, the second edition guideline was composed by incorporating experience of the past six years in conjunction with the latest international and domestic guidelines.