Background: Although cardiovascular health is a crucial problem for Mongolian people, little information about metabolic syndrome (MetS), associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, is available in Mongolia. Aim: The aim of this study was to observe the epidemiological features of MetS in a general Mongolian population. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 1911 general Mongolian subjects (men=717, women=1194), who were aged ≥ 40 years and free of ischemic heart disease. The prevalence of MetS, as defined by International Diabetes Federation criteria, was determined. Result: The prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in women (n=488, 40.9%) than in men (n=138, 19.2%). The prevalence of MetS was high, especially in the Khangai region. A moderateto-high alcohol consumption was a significantly positively associated factor of MetS in men (odds ratio [OR] =2.01; 95% confidential interval [CI]: 1.15-3.51; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =2.41; 95% CI: 1.31-4.44) and widowed status was a significantly positively associated factor of MetS in women (OR=1.61, 95% CI: 1.18-2.18; AOR=1.49, 95% CI: 1.07-2.08). Conclusion MetS was prevalent in women compared with men among Mongolian adults. Preventive strategies aimed at men with higher alcohol consumption and women of widowed status may help reduce MetS, thereby improving cardiovascular health conditions in Mongolia.

Introduction: Polycythemia vera (PV) is Philadelphia chromose (Ph)-negative and chronic myeloproliferative disorder (MPN). Moreover, 0.01-2.6 incidences are diagnosed for every 100,000 population. In Polycythemia vera, guanine on 1849th base of 14th ex-one of 9th hromosome is replaced by thymidine and homozygous state is developed. As a result, valine on 617 of JH2 domain in JAK2 is replaced by fenylalanine and activation of tyrosine kinase is increased. Then, signal pathways such as JAK-STAT, PI3K/Akt and ERK1 are independently activated. The JAK2 V617F mutation is identified in approximately 95% of total polycythemia vera diagnosed cases. Furthermore, the average age group of patients with polycythemia vera is 61 and 10% of them are aged under 40 years and male:female ratio is 1:1.
In accordance with World Health Organization criteria of 2016: If three major criterias or first two criteria plus one minor criteria are identified, Polycythemia vera is diagnosed.
Although life expectancy rate of PV cases in follow-up is high, is lower in comparison with the general same age group of population and essential thrombocythemia (ET). In accordance with an international and large study (n=1545), the average life expectancy rate was 14.1 years among Polycythemia Vera diagnosed patients. More than half of mortality related to the disorder (53%) was caused by unknown etiology. On the other hand, (36\347, 10.3%), (36\347, 10.3%), (32\347, 9.2%) and (13\347, 3.7%) of the remaining mortality cases were caused by acute leukemia, secondary malignancy, thrombotic complications and cardiac failure, respectively. Objective: We aimed to determine JAK2 V617F gene mutation on patients with suspected polycythemia vera and evaluate the CBC/complete blood count/ parameters and clinical signs. Material and method: The cross sectional study was conducted during 8/Mar/2022 ad 20/May/2022 and 13 individuals with suspected polycythemia vera who received outpatient service at hematology department of State First Central hospital (SFCH) and Mongolia-Japan hospital of MNUMS were included. Ethical approval was received by order (№2022/3-02) of 28/Feb/2022 and research ethics review committee. Each and every participant received informed consents and agreed to participate in the study. The current study was conducted with the support of integrated laboratory of Clinical pathology of State First central hospital. Result Total of 13 participants were included in the study, 38.4% (n=5) and 61.5% (n=8) of them were male and females, respectively. The mean age group was 58.69±7.7 years. The JAK2 V617F mutation was detected in 92.3% (12/13) of patients. The average age group was 57.8 (52-68) for males and 58.6 (43-71) for females. Complete blood count parameters of males with the JAK2 V617F mutation are shown.
By questionnaire, some of clinical signs such as fatigue, pruritus after bath, headache, dizziness, bone and muscle pain, hands and feet peripheral cyanosis, numbness and nocturnal sweating were detected on patient with positive mutation.

Acinetobacter baumannii is considered to be a worldwide threat to public health due to its high antimicrobial resistance rates and the severe infections it can cause. Little is known about this pathogen’s resistance in Mongolia. This report aims to describe the antimicrobial resistance profile of A. baumannii at a tertiary hospital in Mongolia. The cross-sectional analysis was conducted at the tertiary care laboratory hospital in the First Central Hospital of Mongolia from 2013.01 to 2013.12 and from 2020.01 to 2020.12.
A total of 141 in 2013, 227 in 2020 consecutive microbiological reports were analyzed. A. baumannii was isolated. Epidemiological and microbiological data, including the isolation setting and patient information, were recorded. Prevalence of multi-drug and extensive-drug resistance was assessed according to international standards.
The median age of individuals was 22 years (2 – 35 years); female was the predominant gender (53%). The hospital’s intensive care units had the highest number of isolates (n = 226). The most frequent specimen from which A. baumannii was isolated was secretion of respiratory tract (n = 119). Resistance to carbapenems was reported to be 35% among the isolates (n = 115) in 2013 and 74.69% (n=135) respectively. This report reveals the threat of this pathogen to public health in Mongolia and appeals for antibiotic stewardship programs throughout all tertiary hospitals and other hospitals.

Аbstract Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains one of the most important disorders associated with disability and mortality worldwide, and is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases in Mongolia. The objective of the current study was to determine the prevalence of IHD and its related factors in a general population in Mongolia.
We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey between March and September, 2009. General participants were recruited from urban to rural regions in a multistage random cluster sampling method. The diagnosis of IHD was based on the Rose questionnaire and electrocardiographic findings. A total of 369 (16.2%) subjects with IHD were diagnosed among 2280 participants. The prevalence of subjects with IHD was significantly increased by age: from 9.9% in individuals age 40-44 years compared to 17.7% in those over 60 years. Smoking habits (former and current) and non-frequent intake of fruits and vegetables were significantly positively associated with IHD in men, while heavy alcohol drinking habits and lower education period of time were significantly positively associated with IHD in women.
IHD was found to be prevalent, especially among people aged over 40 years, in Mongolia. Statistical factors related to IHD were found to be significantly different based on sex. The current data may provide relevant information to prevent IHD in the Mongolian population.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem. In Mongolia, urine is analyzed by methods of urine chemistry and urine sediment to diagnose kidney disease. The currently automated urine sediment analyzers have been widely used in clinical laboratories and are replacing traditional manual microscopic examination. Nonetheless, visual microscopic examination is still required in many cases. When chemical and sediment analyzers are used together, urine sediment could be confirmed under a microscope, if the results are inconsistent. Sternheimer-Malbin stain has contained a variety of dyes that help to distinguish particles (white blood cells, red blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, fatty drops, bacteria, yeast, trichomonas) in urine sediment, improve the differentiation between cell nuclei and cytoplasm, and provide more information about cell shape and image.
Therefore, the low-cost method that can be used on a daily basis.Although there are more than 4,500 laboratories in Mongolia that need to perform urinalysis, which is an important part of clinical laboratories, less than 10 percent of hospitals have fully automated sediment analyzers. For this reason, one of the most important issues in the clinical laboratories, the search for low-cost and useful methods for the analysis of urine sediments in order to provide access to services to the public. Our aim was the comparison of methods of the microscopic examination with Shternheimer-Malbin stain and fully automated UF-5000 analyzer for urine sediment. Methods: There was a comparative study, people who served the Clinical Central Laboratory of Mongolia-Japan Hospital received permission to participate in this research. One hundred five fresh, first morning, clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected in accordance with standard operating instructions for urinalysis, between November 2020 and May 2021. Sternheimer-Malbin (SM) staining and direct microscopy observation methods with Fuchs-Rosenthal counting chamber were used to red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and epithelial cells (EC) in urine samples. The agreements between the automated urine analyzer and microscopic methods were calculated using Cohen’s kappa (k) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 105 samples were collected and analysed in this study. The average age was 46.97±15.0and gender by 18% (n=19)were male and 82% (n=86) were female.
Compared to traditional manual methods and automated analyzer, the agreement within the same grade was 99/105 (94.3%) for erythrocytes, 96/105 (91.4%) for leukocytes, 92/105 (87.6%) for epithelial cells. And compared to Sternheimer-Malbin staining microscopy observation and automated analyzer, the agreement within the same grade was 98/105 (93.3%) for erythrocytes, 99/105 (94.3%) for leukocytes, 96/105 (91.4%) for epithelial cells. Agreement between traditional manual method and automated analyzer was higher than 85% and between Sternheimer-Malbin staining microscopy observation and automated analyzer was higher than 90%. The concordance between traditional manual method and automated analyzer was substantial (k=0.74, p<0.001; k=0.79, p<0.001) for RBC and EC, almost perfect (k=0.92, p<0.001) for WBC. Whereas the concordance between SternheimerMalbin staining microscopy observation and automated analyzer was substantial (k=0.70, p<0.001) for RBC, almost perfect (k=0.94, p<0.001; k=0.89, p<0.001) for WBC and EC. Comparison of Sysmex UF-5000 with microscopic particle counting methods resulted specificity was 98.9/100% for RBC, sensitivity was 97.7/95.3% and negative predictive value was 98.4/96.8% for WBC, sensitivity was 87.5/68.8% and negative predictive value was 97.8/94.7% for EC. Conclusion The Cohen’s k analysis result of comparisons between the SternheimerMalbin staining microscopic method and automated urine sediment analyzer showed significant almost perfect agreement (k=0.70-0.94, p<0.001).
The sensitivity and negative predictive value were high for both of WBC and EC were determined by Sternheimer-Malbin (SM) staining microscopy observation method. Results indicate the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the true positive and individual with a negative test result is truly negative better than comparison of Sysmex UF-5000 with traditional manual microscopic method assessment.

Introduction: Diarrhea is defined as a person excretes more than three times in 24 hours with pathological impurities of more than 10 mg/kg per day. According to the fact sheets of the World Health Organization in 2019, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children under 5 years of age. Researchers suggest that about 50 percent of infantile diarrhea occurs in temperate countries and it reaches almost 80 percent in winter which is mainly caused by rotavirus. While immunization is the most effective way to prevent rotavirus infection, there were two types of rotavirus vaccines that have been licensed and available on the global market since 2006. Rotavirus immunization in young children is a safe and effective public health method for controlling rotavirus infection which therefore can reduce childhood morbidity and mortality. Study aim: To study the incidence, clinical manifestations, and complications of rotavirus among children hospitalized with acute diarrhea. Methodology: The study will be conducted using the observational method including descriptive analysis. Statistical data for 2018-2020 will be obtained and analyzed from the pediatric wards of the “Gurvan Gal” hospital. Children diagnosed with rotavirus diarrhea who meet the criteria to be included in the study will be selectively sampled with further analysis of the incidence, clinical features, toxicity, and dehydration of acute diarrhea according to the medical history. Results Universal immunization is important to significantly reduce rotavirus-associated diarrhea, thereby reducing infection and the risk of disease in infants and young children.

The immunodeficiency is too common in whole the world including this country. The myocardial Infarct, stroke, atherosclerosis and many other disorders develops in fact secondary immune deficit of human being.
We aimed to study the immune stimulating capacity of transfer factor advanced which used more than 50 countries in the world as a strong immune modulator, comparatively with other commonly used convalescents in our traditional medicine like bargashun and altan gagnuur and their membrane pereoxidase potential as well.
For this study were used white mouse’s with 20-25g of weights. All mouse’s were taken orally 0.05g of transfer factor advanced during 3 days 2 times per day and at the end were injected with 0.2 ml - 10% fresh red cell of sheep once which chosen as T-cell dependent stimulator test antigen. 5 days later were examined spleen index and counted newly generated antibody titer against sheep red cell.
The study result show that under the influence of transfer factor advanced after immunization (by 100 mg/mouse sheep red cell), the amount of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (T killer) cells among whole T lymphocyte population in the spleen and nearby lymph nodes of white mouse’s were perceptibly increased (1.43-2.33 P<0.001). It gives to conclude transfer factor advanced should have high treatment effects for several cancers, chronic liver disorders with B and C viruses hepatitis, cirrhoses etc., which develops due to deficit of T killer cell.

Description: Asymptomatic bacteriuria is defined as the presence of 1x105 or more bacteria per milliliter of urine, although there are no signs of UTI [1]. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is quite common and occurs in 1-5% of healthy women before menopause. The incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria increases in the elderly (men and women) to 4-19%. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is observed in 0.7% -27% of patients with diabetes mellitus, in 2-10% of pregnant women and in 23-89% of patients with spinal cord injury. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is rarely observed in young men and always requires differential diagnosis with chronic bacterial prostatitis[2].
Among the elderly, those in institutionalized settings such as long-term care facilities and hospitals have a higher prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria than those living in the community. Therefore, interest in asymptomatic bacteriuria has shifted from the general population to these groups of individuals. The prevalence varies from 2% to 10% in pregnancy and from 15% to 50% in the elderly in long-term care facilities.[3,4]
This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of people asymptomatic bacteriuria in among hospitalized people. Purpose: Investigate cases of asymptomatic bacteriuria among hospitalized individuals and determine antibiotic susceptibility by type of pathogen detected in urine. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study in the “I” Hospital of UB city, Mongolia. We conducted into the study 133 patients. After obtaining informed consent, a midstream clean-catch urine sample was collected in the same 24 hour time window and was evaluated for urinalysis using a dipstick test and routine culture. A positive urine culture was defined as a single urine sample with microbal growth of >10⁵ colony- forming units of a single organism. We use 5-10% Blood agar, UTI agar, Mackkong agar and Chroma agar for a bacterial growth. Then we did antibiotic susceptibility of the determined pathogen. Result: The average age of the respondents was 55.9±14.6, the youngest was 17 years old and the oldest was 91 years old (CI 95% 53.4-58.5). By age group, 4.5% (n = 6) of people aged 20-30, 21.1% (n = 28) of people aged 31-45, 37.5% (n = 50) of people aged 46-60, and people over 61 years of age 36.8% (n = 49) respectively.Of the respondents, more than 56 or 54.9% (n = 73) were elderly, of which 63.9% (n = 85) were women and 36.1% (n = 48) were men.
A total of 36 (27.1%) leukocytes were detected, and 25 (34.2%) more (P-0.05) were detected in people over 56 years of age. The protein detected in 24 (18.0%) people, all over 56 years of age and more defined in men (P-0.01).
80.5% (n = 107) of those surveyed were diagnosed with the pathogens, and 54.9% were elderly (P-0.031). 82.4% of women and 77.1% of men were diagnosed with urinary pathogens.
Streptococcus 26%, E.coli 19%, Saprophyticus 13%, Enterococcus 11% and Staphylococcus 11% were detected in the analysis, and Streptococcus and E.coli (19%) accounted for a slightly higher rate of infection.
A total of 13 types of pathogens were identified, of which 53.4% were susceptible, 21.7% were moderately sensitive, and 24.9% were non-susceptible. Discussion: According to a study conducted by researchers at the University of Taiwan, the prevalence of asymptomatic UTI-s in the general population is 57.8%. E.Coli was also the most common bacterium in the urine [6].
In our study, there are many cases of E. coli.
Study in the United States found that the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among inpatients was 8.5%, all of them women. The most common pathogens in this study are Enterococcus bacteria. This study found that 1 in 10 people admitted to the hospital may have asymptomatic bacteriuria. [1] Conclusion
1. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in 80.5% of those surveyed 54.9% were detected in people over 56 years of age.
2. Antibiotic susceptibility of the tested pathogens was determined as 53.4% sensitive, 21.7% moderately sensitive and 24.9% insensitive.

Description: Due to the increased prevalence of penicillin-resistant bacteria in the treatment of staphylococcal infection in 1961 were introduced into clinical practice one of the semi-synthetic drugs resistant to penicillinase which calls methicillin. However immediately after this event has been reported it’s tolerance [1,2,3].
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRSA/MTSA) has been widely reported in the world and since the 1980s is now considered a highly contagious infection. MTSA infection and mortality rates are twice as high as methicillin-sensitive staphylococcal aureus infections and it caused to increase hospital bed costs [4,5]. Materials and methodology: The study included a sample of all samples submitted to the NCD for bacteriological analysis in 2018, 2019 and 2020.
Bacteriological specimens were obtained from swabs, wounds, urine, and throat swabs to identify and physically identify methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. The research objectives were obtained from the NCD journal including all investigations from January 1 2018 to December 31, 2020 using the Descriptive Research Method. Results: In 2018, a total of 6419 bacteriological tests were performed with the growth of 4693 bacteria, in 2019 out of 7281 bacteriological tests were performed with the growth of 5485 bacteria, and in 2020 out of 8275 bacteriological tests were performed with the growth of 6894 bacteria.
The MTSA positeve tests accounted 269 (4.1%) bacteriological tests in 2018, in 2019 412 (5.6%) and in 2020 were, 781 (9.4%) from total bacteriological tests fot these years. Conclution The need for bacteriological testing is increasing year by year, which indicates an increase in bacterial infections. Also increased cases of MTSA are reported in the NCD during 2018-2020. The MTSA infections are more common in swabs and pustules.

Introduction: The high rate of malnutrition in young children remains a serious public health issue. Intervention strategies aimed to rectify this situation have succeeded in reducing anaemia, with levels falling to 28.5%. Even so, anaemia levels are still unacceptably high, especially among infants aged 6 to 24 months. Goal: The aim of this survey was to investigate the prevalence of anaemia and iron and folate deficiencies that may contribute to the relatively high rates of anaemia among children aged 6 to 36 months. Subjects and methods: This study involved 243 apparently healthy children (122 boys, 121 girls) from Ulaanbaatar city and Bulgan, Bayankhongor, Dornod and Khovd aimags aged 6 to 36 months with no evidence of infection within the previous 7 days. Ethical approval of the study was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee of the Mongolian Ministry of Health. Written informed consents were obtained from the guardians of each child.
Morning, non-fasting venipuncture blood samples were used for the determination of the levels of hemoglobin by the hemoglobinometer, of ferritin by the microparticle enzyme immunoassays technology and of folate by the microtiter technique.
The statistical analysis of test results was carried out using SPSS program, with a p-value <0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results: The mean hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations were the highest in the oldest children (i.e., 24 to 36 months). The mean values for hemoglobin were higher in the participants from Ulaanbaatar, whereas the ferritin levels were higher in their counterparts from the rural settings.
Overall, 24% of the children were anaemic. Anaemia prevalence was greater among the children in the rural area than in Ulaanbaatar. The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was 15%, and unlike anaemia, was independent of setting. The oldest children aged 24 to 36 months had the lowest prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in both Ulaanbaatar and the rural area.
The mean serum folate concentration was 19.9 nmol/L. The concentrations decreased with age in both settings, although the mean values in Ulaanbaatar were significantly higher for each age group than those for the rural settings. Only 4% of the children had folate deficiency. None of the participants in Ulaanbaatar had low serum folate concentrations. In the rural settings, the oldest children had the highest prevalence of folate deficiency. Conclusion The prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia is high among children aged 6 to 36 months. This finding emphasizes the necessity for programs that supply young children and their mothers with micronutrients such as iron and folate.