This paper summarizes the clinical experience in applying jiao （角） medicine to treat diabetes mellitus from the perspective of qi， blood， and fluids. It is believed that impaired spleen transportation and transformation is the key pathomechanism of diabetes， leading to metabolic disturbances in qi， blood， and fluids， and resulting in a sequential pathological progression of "qi → thick fluids → thin fluids → blood". At the qi level， the disease is mainly characterized by spleen qi deficiency and stagnation， and is commonly treated with Hongshen （Panax Ginseng）， Huangqi （Astragalus Mongholicus）， and Baizhu （Atractylodes Macrocephala） to tonify the spleen and regulate qi. At the thick fluids level， the condition manifests as abdominal distension， internal heat， and turbid pathogens， requiring Zexie （Alisma Orientale）， Huanglian （Coptis Chinensis）， and Dahuang （Rheum Palmatum） to clear the spleen and drain turbidity. At the thin fluids level， with qi and yin deficiency and predominant yin damage， Gegen （Pueraria Lobata）， Wuweizi （Schisandra Chinensis）， and Maidong （Ophiopogon Japonicus） are used to nourish yin and generate fluids. At the blood level， where vascular damage is predominant， Shuizhifen （Whitmania Pigra Powder）， Danshen （Salvia Miltiorrhiza）， and Sanqifen （Panax Notoginseng Powder） are applied to activate blood circulation， resolve stasis， and unblock the channels. Clinicians may flexibly select appropriate jiao medicine based on the specific pathological layer affected in each patient.

With the emergence of deep learning techniques based on convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence (AI) has driven transformative developments in the field of medical image analysis. Recently, large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have also started to achieve distinction in this domain. Increasing research shows the undeniable role of AI in reshaping various aspects of medical image analysis, including processes such as image enhancement, segmentation, detection in image preprocessing, and postprocessing related to medical diagnosis and prognosis in clinical settings. However, despite the significant progress in AI research, studies investigating the recent advances in AI technology in the aforementioned aspects, the changes in research hotspot trajectories, and the performance of studies in addressing key clinical challenges in this field are limited. This article provides an overview of recent advances in AI for medical image analysis and discusses the methodological profiles, advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of AI technologies.
Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods* ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Deep Learning ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods*

Spine fracture and dislocation are common traumatic spinal conditions that often require surgical intervention due to compromised spinal stability. Surgical approaches include anterior, posterior, and combined anterior-posterior spinal procedures. According to the specific surgical requirements, patients may be placed in the prone position or repositioned between prone and supine positions during surgery. Intraoperative repositioning has become an essential step in patient positioning. However, during repositioning, patients with spinal fracture and dislocation are at increased risk for complications such as hemodynamic instability, nerve injury, and pressure injuries to the skin and soft tissue. Notably, due to the instability of the spinal cord, even minor manipulations can further exacerbate the damage, potentially leading to severe outcomes like paraplegia. Although the current clinical guidelines provide instructive recommendations for standard position, there remains no specific protocols for intraoperative repositioning in patients with spine fracture and dislocation. With a concern for the lack of clinical studies on positioning techniques, risk prevention, and operational norms for special patients, no applicable guidelines or standards are available. A consensus was required to provide clinical reference, meet the requirements of surgical treatment, and minimize the safety risks of patients caused by improper placement of positions. Professional Committee of Operating Room Nursing of Shaanxi Nursing Association organized experts in nursing management and operating room nursing from major hospitals across China to formulate Expert consensus on intraoperative repositioning for patients with spinal fracture and dislocation ( version 2025). The consensus provides 11 recommendations covering pre-repositioning preparation, intraoperative maneuvers, and post-repositioning observation, aiming to provide references for clinical standardization of the intraoperative repositioning process and protection of patients′ safety.

In recent years,significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease.In line with global advancements,two anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies have been approved and successfully launched in China for clinical use.Lecanemab and Donanemab were officially used in June 2024 and April 2025 in China,respectively.In order to standardize the rational and safe application of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies for Alzheimer's disease in China,this article integrates recom-mendations from the clinical trials and real-world experience from the author's team and domestic peers to further update the recom-mendations for the clinical use of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibody based on the 2024 version.It includes indications for therapy,pre-treatment evaluation and preparation,administration protocols and safety measures during treatment,and post-treatment monitor-ing strategies.

Migraine is a common neurological disorder with a complex pathogenesis that is currently not fully understood;however,the role of mitochondrial function in migraine pathogenesis has recently attracted widespread attention.This review considers the latest research progress on the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and migraine,including mitochondrial energy metabolism,oxidative stress,calcium homeostasis,and neuroinflammation.We introduce the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of migraine,and provide a detailed exploration of the key role of mitochondria in these processes.Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to increased neuronal excitability,abnormal vasoconstriction,and inflammatory responses,thereby inducing migraine.Based on the evidence of mitochondrial involvement in the pathogenesis of migraine,we propose future research directions and potential treatment strategies,with the aim of providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of migraine.

Migraine is a common neurological disorder with a complex pathogenesis that is currently not fully understood;however,the role of mitochondrial function in migraine pathogenesis has recently attracted widespread attention.This review considers the latest research progress on the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and migraine,including mitochondrial energy metabolism,oxidative stress,calcium homeostasis,and neuroinflammation.We introduce the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of migraine,and provide a detailed exploration of the key role of mitochondria in these processes.Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to increased neuronal excitability,abnormal vasoconstriction,and inflammatory responses,thereby inducing migraine.Based on the evidence of mitochondrial involvement in the pathogenesis of migraine,we propose future research directions and potential treatment strategies,with the aim of providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of migraine.

Spine fracture and dislocation are common traumatic spinal conditions that often require surgical intervention due to compromised spinal stability. Surgical approaches include anterior, posterior, and combined anterior-posterior spinal procedures. According to the specific surgical requirements, patients may be placed in the prone position or repositioned between prone and supine positions during surgery. Intraoperative repositioning has become an essential step in patient positioning. However, during repositioning, patients with spinal fracture and dislocation are at increased risk for complications such as hemodynamic instability, nerve injury, and pressure injuries to the skin and soft tissue. Notably, due to the instability of the spinal cord, even minor manipulations can further exacerbate the damage, potentially leading to severe outcomes like paraplegia. Although the current clinical guidelines provide instructive recommendations for standard position, there remains no specific protocols for intraoperative repositioning in patients with spine fracture and dislocation. With a concern for the lack of clinical studies on positioning techniques, risk prevention, and operational norms for special patients, no applicable guidelines or standards are available. A consensus was required to provide clinical reference, meet the requirements of surgical treatment, and minimize the safety risks of patients caused by improper placement of positions. Professional Committee of Operating Room Nursing of Shaanxi Nursing Association organized experts in nursing management and operating room nursing from major hospitals across China to formulate Expert consensus on intraoperative repositioning for patients with spinal fracture and dislocation ( version 2025). The consensus provides 11 recommendations covering pre-repositioning preparation, intraoperative maneuvers, and post-repositioning observation, aiming to provide references for clinical standardization of the intraoperative repositioning process and protection of patients′ safety.

Objective:To explore the understanding on health-related quality of life(HRQoL)among the Chinese populations and to develop a HRQoL conceptual framework that can be used to guide the development of Chinese HRQoL instruments.Methods:Respondents of Chinese general population and patients populations were recruited from 31 provinces in China.One-to-one semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted to collect the views and perceptions on HRQoL.Based on the grounded theory,multi-level coding of qualitative interviews was carried out,and the framework method was used to sort out and summarize the coding to develop the HRQoL conceptual framework in China.Results:A total of 68 respondents were included in the study.The study extracted 1 558 open coding from the qualitative interview,which were analyzed and sorted into 180 axial coding and 31 selective coding(dimensions).The HRQoL conceptual framework for the Chinese population with 6 themes was finally summarized.Conclusions:The HRQoL conceptual framework based on the health concepts and preferences of the Chinese population contains 6 themes,refers to symptoms,physical function,emotion,cognition,activities and social function.In particular,the items of appetite,sleep and fatigue identifies may reflect Chinese cultural specific perceptions on important aspects of HRQoL.

Objective To investigate the incidence rate,clinical characteristics,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen,China.Methods Led by Shenzhen Children's Hospital,the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Collaboration Network organized 21 institutions to collect 36 cases of neonatal stroke from January 2020 to December 2022.The incidence,clinical characteristics,treatment,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen were analyzed.Results The incidence rate of neonatal stroke in 21 hospitals from 2020 to 2022 was 1/15 137,1/6 060,and 1/7 704,respectively.Ischemic stroke accounted for 75％(27/36);boys accounted for 64％(23/36).Among the 36 neonates,31(86％)had disease onset within 3 days after birth,and 19(53％)had convulsion as the initial presentation.Cerebral MRI showed that 22 neonates(61％)had left cerebral infarction and 13(36％)had basal ganglia infarction.Magnetic resonance angiography was performed for 12 neonates,among whom 9(75％)had involvement of the middle cerebral artery.Electroencephalography was performed for 29 neonates,with sharp waves in 21 neonates(72％)and seizures in 10 neonates(34％).Symptomatic/supportive treatment varied across different hospitals.Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment was performed for 12 neonates(33％,12/36),with a mean score of(32±4)points.The prognosis of 27 neonates was followed up to around 12 months of age,with 44％(12/27)of the neonates having a good prognosis.Conclusions Ischemic stroke is the main type of neonatal stroke,often with convulsions as the initial presentation,involvement of the middle cerebral artery,sharp waves on electroencephalography,and a relatively low neurodevelopment score.Symptomatic/supportive treatment is the main treatment method,and some neonates tend to have a poor prognosis.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by cognitive decline and neurodegeneration, currently relies on pharmacological treatments that are limited in efficacy and often accompanied by side effects. As the number of AD patients increases, so does the economic burden on both the global healthcare system and families of patients, further worsening the quality of life for patients in their later years. Therefore, it is crucial to find new and more effective therapeutic approaches. This necessity has sparked a growing interest in non-invasive therapies, such as 40 Hz rhythmic stimulation, which aims to modulate brain activity to potentially reverse pathological changes and alleviate symptoms. This review provides an overview of the effects of 40 Hz stimulation on AD pathology and symptoms, its impact on cognitive functions in healthy individuals, the underlying mechanisms of action, and strategies to enhance the treatment’s compliance and effectiveness. Research has demonstrated that 40 Hz rhythmic stimulation, particularly through auditory and visual modalities, can influence core AD pathologies. In mouse models of AD, this stimulation has been shown to reduce amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) plaques and phosphorylated tau protein levels, hallmarks of AD pathology. These effects are thought to stem from enhanced waste clearance mechanisms, facilitated by the stimulation of the glymphatic system and the activation of microglia. Clinical applications in AD patients have shown promising results, with improvements noted in cognitive functions and behavioral symptoms. These findings suggest that 40 Hz rhythmic stimulation could offer a non-pharmacological option to mitigate the pathological progression and symptomatic expression of AD. In healthy individuals, the cognitive outcomes of 40 Hz stimulation appear more variable. Some studies indicate potential enhancements in memory and attention, proposing that 40 Hz stimulation may bolster cognitive resilience and processing efficiency in a non-diseased brain. However, these effects are not consistently replicated across studies, indicating that individual differences and specific stimulation parameters may significantly influence outcomes. The beneficial effects of 40 Hz rhythmic stimulation are believed to be primarily due to neural entrainment, where neural circuits synchronize their activity to the external frequency. This entrainment may restore the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neural activity, which is often disrupted in AD mice and AD patients. By reinforcing natural brain rhythms, 40 Hz stimulation may enhance neural connectivity and function, facilitating cognitive and memory processes that are deteriorated in AD. Neural entrainment at 40 Hz has been demonstrated to aid in restoring neural network function, enhancing the glymphatic system, improving cerebral blood flow, and providing neuroprotection. These mechanisms are thought to work synergistically to regulate brain activity, potentially leading to a reduction in lesions and an improvement in cognitive performance. To optimize the therapeutic benefits of 40 Hz stimulation, several factors need to be considered. Treatment protocols should be tailored to individual needs, accounting for variability in disease progression and personal health status. Enhancing patient compliance involves simplifying treatment regimens and using portable, user-friendly devices that can be easily incorporated into daily routines. Ongoing research should focus on refining stimulation parameters and delivery methods to maximize efficacy and minimize potential side effects. In conclusion, while 40 Hz rhythmic stimulation represents a promising avenue for treating AD and enhancing cognitive functions, further research is required to fully elucidate its mechanisms, refine its application, and ensure its practicality and efficacy in broad clinical and everyday settings.