Epimedium sagittatum is a perennial herb of Berberidaceae. Its leaves have a long history of medicinal use in China. This plant is widely used as a Chinese traditional medicine，with the main functions of tonifying kidney Yang，strengthening bones and muscles，and dispelling wind and dampness. It can be used for treating kidney Yang deficiency，impotence，spermatorrhea，flaccidity of bones and muscles，rheumatic arthralgia，numbness，and spasms. The chemical constituents of this plant include flavonoids，polysaccharides，lignans，and alkaloids. Flavonoids are the main active ingredients. These compounds show a wide range of biological activities，including cartilage repair，anti-aging，anti-fatigue，cough-relieving，blood glucose-lowering，and anti-tumor effects. Modern pharmacological research has shown that E. sagittatum has definite pharmacological effects on the reproductive system，respiratory system，nervous system，cardiovascular system，skeletal system，etc. It has remarkable effects of helping pregnancy，resisting osteoporosis，controlling diabetes，improving immunity，and inhibiting tumor. Under the background of advocating one health and Chinese medicine，E. sagittatum is widely used in health care products，serving as the main raw material of various products. It has great market potential and is a Chinese medicinal herb with great clinical application and research value. This paper reviews the main chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of E. sagittatum based on domestic and foreign reports， providing a theoretical basis for further study on E. sagittatum and its safe clinical application.

Epimedium sagittatum is a perennial herb of Berberidaceae. Its leaves have a long history of medicinal use in China. This plant is widely used as a Chinese traditional medicine，with the main functions of tonifying kidney Yang，strengthening bones and muscles，and dispelling wind and dampness. It can be used for treating kidney Yang deficiency，impotence，spermatorrhea，flaccidity of bones and muscles，rheumatic arthralgia，numbness，and spasms. The chemical constituents of this plant include flavonoids，polysaccharides，lignans，and alkaloids. Flavonoids are the main active ingredients. These compounds show a wide range of biological activities，including cartilage repair，anti-aging，anti-fatigue，cough-relieving，blood glucose-lowering，and anti-tumor effects. Modern pharmacological research has shown that E. sagittatum has definite pharmacological effects on the reproductive system，respiratory system，nervous system，cardiovascular system，skeletal system，etc. It has remarkable effects of helping pregnancy，resisting osteoporosis，controlling diabetes，improving immunity，and inhibiting tumor. Under the background of advocating one health and Chinese medicine，E. sagittatum is widely used in health care products，serving as the main raw material of various products. It has great market potential and is a Chinese medicinal herb with great clinical application and research value. This paper reviews the main chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of E. sagittatum based on domestic and foreign reports， providing a theoretical basis for further study on E. sagittatum and its safe clinical application.

Since the discovery of anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies, the diagnosis of primary membranous nephropathy has evolved from reliance on renal tissue biopsy to the use of serum assays in certain patients, owing to continuously developing and improving methodologies. The advancement of detection methods and the discovery of new antigens are driving primary membranous nephropathy to personalized diagnosis and treatment. This article summarizes the evolution of antigens and antibodies detection techniques related to primary membranous nephropathy, aiming to explore the advantages, disadvantages, and possible future directions of methodology.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of Degludec insulin Liraglutide on obese type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)with poor treatment effect of Metformin.Methods A total of 95 obese T2DM patients with inadequate glycemic control after Metformin therapy admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University from July 2022 to February 2024 were enrolled.Using a randomized digital table method,patients were divided into observation group(n=47)and control group(n=48).The patients of observation group received Degludec insulin Liraglutide,while the patients of control group was treated with Glargine insulin.Body mass index(BMI),serum C-peptide levels,blood glucose parameters,pancreatic function,lipid profiles,and adverse reaction incidence were compared between two groups.Results After treatment,BMI,postprandial 2-hour blood glucose,fasting blood glucose,glycated hemoglobin,total cholesterol,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly lower in observation group than those in control group(P＜0.05).Pancreatic β-cell function index,insulin resistance index,postprandial 2-hour C-peptide,fasting C-peptide,and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly higher in observation group than those in control group(P＜0.05).There were fewer adverse reactions in observation group than those in control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion The use of Degludec insulin Liraglutide in the treatment of obese T2DM patients with poor effect of Metformin can achieve satisfactory results during the treatment,and pancreatic function,blood glucose,blood lipid and BMI have been significantly improved.The clinical application has a high safety.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in Beijing in 2024, to investigate the infection status of reservoir hosts, vector organisms, and baseline human populations, and provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies.Methods:Epidemiological surveys were conducted on all confirmed cases. Serum samples from healthy populations and reservoir hosts were collected for SFTSV antibody detection. Questing ticks were monitored using the flagging method. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was employed to detect SFTSV in cases, reservoir hosts, and ticks. Positive samples underwent whole-genome sequencing and genetic evolution analysis.Results:In 2024, Beijing reported 15 locally infected cases with 4 deaths. The age of onset ranged from 50 to 80 years (median: 66 years). Cases showed a certain degree of geographical clustering, with June being the peak month of onset. The affected population was predominantly farmers, with a male-to-female ratio of 3∶2. Animal contact history emerged as a significant risk factor alongside tick bites. Parthenogenetic tick populations were identified in Pinggu district, while SFTSV-carrying ticks were detected in endemic areas (Mentougou, Shijingshan, and Fengtai Districts). Viral presence was also confirmed in ticks or dogs from non-endemic areas. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed stable clustering of strains into two distinct genotypes (A and B). Antibody-positive individuals were identified in healthy populations from non-endemic areas.Conclusions:The incidence of SFTS in Beijing is increasing, with natural viral circulation already established in non-endemic regions. Enhanced surveillance and adjusted prevention strategies are urgently needed.

Objective:To analyze the research programs of clinical trials related to the TCM treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) at home and abroad; To provide references for the follow-up study of TCM treatment of HT.Methods:All clinical research registration plans for TCM prevention and treatment of HT were retrieved from the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, the International Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Registry, and the WHO International Clinical Trial Registration Platform from the establishment of the databases to December 31, 2024. Excel 2019 and GraphPad Prism 9.0 were used for data processing, and the basic characteristics, study types, randomized methods, interventions, outcome indicators and other registration information of registered trials with the frequency analysis.Results:A total of 31 clinical trials were included in this study, and the number of registered studies has gradually increased since 2018, which involving 23 clinical institutions in 9 provincial-level administrative regions until 2024. The region with the highest number of registrations is Shanghai (14 items). The funding sources were mainly local financial support and hospital funding. The research types were mostly intervention studies (30 items). The main research design type was randomized parallel controlled trials (27 items).Conclusions:At present, the overall number of registration studies on TCM prevention and treatment of HT is relatively small. However, in recent years, researchers have paid more attention to the registration of clinical trials in this field. The regional distribution of existing trial registration is not balanced, and the research design scheme needs to be improved.

Objective:To compare the efficacy and safety of postauricular injection (PI) and intratympanic injection (II) of glucocorticoids (GC) in the initial treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SHL).Methods:Electronic databases retrieval (PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, WANFANG) was performed to identify all randomized controlled trials about PI and II of GC in the initial treatment of SHL between 2015 and 2024. Meta-analysis was performed on the studies met the inclusion criteria by RevMan5.4.Results:A total of 971 articles were retrieved, and 23 Chinese articles were included after screening. Meta-analysis found that the total effective rate of PI was significantly higher than that of II ( OR=1.37, 95% CI:1.15-1.65, P=0.000 6), with higher recovery of the hearing threshold (SMD=1.24, 95% CI:0.01-2.46, P=0.05) and a lower incidence of adverse reactions and complications ( OR=0.20, 95% CI:0.15-0.28, P<0.000 01). Conclusions:Compared with II, PI has a better efficacy and safety. Nonetheless, whatever topical administration of GC that can be regarded as the first choice of initial therapeutic schedules to SHL requires further studied.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of peripheral and central transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of functional constipation.Methods:Sixty patients with functional constipation were randomly divided into a control group, a peripheral group and a central group, each of 20. All were given oral lactulose medication, while the peripheral groups was additionally provided with high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) treatment in the sacral region (S2-4) and the central group received low-frequency rTMS treatment in the right dorsal prefrontal cortex. Before and after 3 weeks of treatment, all were evaluated in terms of the average weekly frequency of spontaneous complete bowel movements (SCBM), major constipation symptom scoring, and using the Constipation Patient Symptom Self Rating Scale (PAC-SYM).Results:After the treatment, all of the indicators had improved significantly in all three groups, but all were better in the peripheral and central groups than in the control group, on average. The peripheral group and the central group averages were not significantly different after the treatment. The total effectiveness rates in the peripheral and central groups both exceeded 90%, significantly better than among the control group.Conclusions:Both peripheral high-frequency rTMS and central low-frequency rTMS can effectively supplement lactulose drug treatment in relieving the symptoms of constipation.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of Degludec insulin Liraglutide on obese type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)with poor treatment effect of Metformin.Methods A total of 95 obese T2DM patients with inadequate glycemic control after Metformin therapy admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University from July 2022 to February 2024 were enrolled.Using a randomized digital table method,patients were divided into observation group(n=47)and control group(n=48).The patients of observation group received Degludec insulin Liraglutide,while the patients of control group was treated with Glargine insulin.Body mass index(BMI),serum C-peptide levels,blood glucose parameters,pancreatic function,lipid profiles,and adverse reaction incidence were compared between two groups.Results After treatment,BMI,postprandial 2-hour blood glucose,fasting blood glucose,glycated hemoglobin,total cholesterol,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly lower in observation group than those in control group(P＜0.05).Pancreatic β-cell function index,insulin resistance index,postprandial 2-hour C-peptide,fasting C-peptide,and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly higher in observation group than those in control group(P＜0.05).There were fewer adverse reactions in observation group than those in control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion The use of Degludec insulin Liraglutide in the treatment of obese T2DM patients with poor effect of Metformin can achieve satisfactory results during the treatment,and pancreatic function,blood glucose,blood lipid and BMI have been significantly improved.The clinical application has a high safety.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of peripheral and central transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of functional constipation.Methods:Sixty patients with functional constipation were randomly divided into a control group, a peripheral group and a central group, each of 20. All were given oral lactulose medication, while the peripheral groups was additionally provided with high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) treatment in the sacral region (S2-4) and the central group received low-frequency rTMS treatment in the right dorsal prefrontal cortex. Before and after 3 weeks of treatment, all were evaluated in terms of the average weekly frequency of spontaneous complete bowel movements (SCBM), major constipation symptom scoring, and using the Constipation Patient Symptom Self Rating Scale (PAC-SYM).Results:After the treatment, all of the indicators had improved significantly in all three groups, but all were better in the peripheral and central groups than in the control group, on average. The peripheral group and the central group averages were not significantly different after the treatment. The total effectiveness rates in the peripheral and central groups both exceeded 90%, significantly better than among the control group.Conclusions:Both peripheral high-frequency rTMS and central low-frequency rTMS can effectively supplement lactulose drug treatment in relieving the symptoms of constipation.