Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is a chronic respiratory disease that poses a significant threat to global health， exhibiting high morbidity， disability and mortality rate， with its prevention and treatment situation becoming increasingly critical. The pathogenesis of COPD is complex， and the underlying cellular and molecular biological mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Programmed cell death （PCD） is the process wherein cells actively undergo demise to maintain internal environmental stability in response to certain signals or specific stimuli. Contemporary medical research indicates that the dysregulation of PCD patterns such as apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis is closely related to the onset and progression of COPD. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of PCD in COPD may provide novel perspectives for in-depth understanding and prevention of the disease. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is characterized by holistic regulation. In recent years， extensive research has been conducted in the TCM field focusing on modulating apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis for the treatment of COPD， yielding remarkable achievements. Therefore， this study systematically explored the molecular mechanism of PCD in COPD and reviewed the potential mechanisms and intervention status of TCM targeting PCD in COPD， aiming to provide insights and references for the clinical prevention， treatment and in-depth research of COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is a chronic respiratory disease that poses a significant threat to global health， exhibiting high morbidity， disability and mortality rate， with its prevention and treatment situation becoming increasingly critical. The pathogenesis of COPD is complex， and the underlying cellular and molecular biological mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Programmed cell death （PCD） is the process wherein cells actively undergo demise to maintain internal environmental stability in response to certain signals or specific stimuli. Contemporary medical research indicates that the dysregulation of PCD patterns such as apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis is closely related to the onset and progression of COPD. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of PCD in COPD may provide novel perspectives for in-depth understanding and prevention of the disease. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is characterized by holistic regulation. In recent years， extensive research has been conducted in the TCM field focusing on modulating apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis for the treatment of COPD， yielding remarkable achievements. Therefore， this study systematically explored the molecular mechanism of PCD in COPD and reviewed the potential mechanisms and intervention status of TCM targeting PCD in COPD， aiming to provide insights and references for the clinical prevention， treatment and in-depth research of COPD.

Community-acquired pneumonia （CAP） refers to an infectious inflammation of the lung parenchyma （including the alveolar wall，that is，the broad pulmonary interstitium） acquired outside the hospital. Its common pathogens include streptococcus pneumoniae，respiratory viruses， mycoplasma pneumoniae， and so on. The related factors for the occurrence and development of CAP include patient characteristics （immune function，mucus production and clearance function，coagulation function，physical condition， and comorbidity） and pathogen characteristics （susceptibility，virulence，and antibiotic resistance）. The pathogenesis of CAP lies in immune deficiency，pathogen invasion，inflammatory response disorder，mucus production and clearance disorder， coagulation disorder， and so on. The pathogenesis of CAP in traditional Chinese medicine can be described as "vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis". Vital Qi deficiency （lack of immunity） is the potential pathogenesis of the disease and easy to be invaded by external pathogens （respiratory pathogens）. Toxic stasis （inflammatory disorder，mucus production and clearance disorder，and coagulation dysfunction） is the key pathogenic factor. Vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis are intermingled in a state of deficiency and excess，which suggests that the treatment of CAP lies in strengthening vital Qi and eliminating pathogenic factors. This involves strengthening vital Qi in the whole process to consolidate body resistance and nourish promordial Qi. It also involves clearing heat，eliminating phlegm，removing dampness，and dispelling stasis to dispel pathogenic toxins based on the syndrome differentiation. Its action mechanism is to regulate immune and inflammatory responses，resist pathogens，and improve mucus production and clearance， as well as coagulation disorders. Starting from the key pathogenesis of CAP，"vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis"， this paper discussed the pathogenesis of CAP and summarized the action mechanism of vital Qi strengthening for detoxification in its treatment. It is intended to complement the theoretical system by identifying "vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis" as the key pathogenesis underlying CAP and the scientific connotation of treating CAP with vital Qi strengthening for detoxification，thereby providing insights for its clinical application.

Objective To explore the method for establishing a pig left lung orthotopic transplantation model. Methods A total of 4 male Yorkshire pigs weighing (40.0±2.5) kg underwent surgical procedures, including anesthesia, tracheal intubation, donor lung procurement, and recipient lung transplantation. Histological morphology and blood gas analysis of the transplanted lungs were assessed 2 hours after reperfusion to evaluate the histological changes and function of the transplanted lungs. Results The pigs underwent left lung in situ transplantation, effectively simulating conditions relevant to human lung transplantation. Two hours after the transplantation, arterial blood gas analysis showed that arterial partial pressure of oxygen was 155.4-178.6 mm Hg, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide was 53.1-62.4 mm Hg, and the oxygenation index was 310.8-357.2 mm Hg. Hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated a low degree of pulmonary edema and minimal cellular infiltration. Conclusion The pig left lung orthotopic transplantation model possesses strong operability and stability. Researchers can replicate this model according to the described methods and further conduct basic research and explore clinical translational applications.

The principle of treating different diseases with the same therapy is the essence of syndrome differentiation and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. It means that when the same pathogenic changes or the same symptoms appear in the development of different diseases， the same principles or methods can be used for treatment. Due to the complexity and high variability of viral pathogenicity， the precise and effective treatment of different types of viral pneumonia （VP） has always been a research focus and difficulty in modern medicine. VP belongs to the category of external-contraction febrile disease， warm disease， and epidemic in TCM. Haoqin Qingdantang （HQQDD） is a representative formula for clearing heat and dispelling dampness in warm diseases， and its intervention in VP caused by various viral infections has significant effects. This study， guided by the theory of treating different diseases with the same therapy， links the related studies on using HQQDD to treat different types of VP and finds that influenza virus pneumonia （IVP）， severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS）， and COVID-19 all have a common pathogenic mechanism of dampness-heat at different stages of respective diseases. When these diseases are dominated by damp-heat factors， the use of HQQDD yields remarkable therapeutic effects. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that HQQDD can inhibit virus replication， reduce fever reactions， inhibit the expression of inflammatory mediators， and regulate immune balance. Moreover， the sovereign medicine in this formula has excellent antiviral activity， and the formula reflects rich scientific connotations of treating VP. According to the theory of treating different diseases with the same therapy and based on the effective treatment practice and modern pharmacological research of HQQDD for different types of VP， this paper mines the underlying TCM theory of treatment with the same therapy， explores the syndrome differentiation and treatment strategy and effect mechanism of this formula for different types of VP， and analyzes the treatment mechanism and characteristics， with the aim of providing evidence and reference for the clinical application and modern research of HQQDD.

Pneumonia is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide， and its damage to the body is not limited to the acute phase. The theory of combination of pathogenic factors emphasizes that the combination of new pathogens and residual pathogens in the body leads to the occurrence of diseases， which generalizes the causes of recurrence during pneumonia recovery. During the recovery stage of pneumonia， pathological changes such as disturbance of immune homeostasis， persistent low-grade inflammation， and microvascular damage continue to affect the body function， impair the health and quality of life of patients， and increase the risk of secondary infection. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， pneumonia is caused by deficiency， and Qi deficiency and blood stasis is the core pathogenesis in the recovery stage. At this time， the body is not full of healthy qi and still has residual pathogens， and thus it is susceptible to external pathogenic factors that lead to disease recurrence. As an important part of the TCM philosophy of treating disease before its onset， prevention of recurrence after recovery emphasizes the need for aftercare in the recovery stage to prevent disease recurrence. Based on the pathogenesis theory of combination of pathogenic factors and the pathogenesis of Qi deficiency and blood stasis， this paper discusses the effect and connotation of TCM in regulating immune inflammation and microvascular damage in preventing recurrence of pneumonia during the recovery stage， aiming to develop new ideas for effective prevention and treatment of pneumonia at this stage.

Supercooling preservation technology, as a groundbreaking innovation in the field of organ preservation, significantly reduces the metabolic rate of cells and inhibits ice crystal formation by placing organs in a low-temperature environment near or below the freezing point. This technology extends the preservation time of organs and maintains their biological activity. Compared with the traditional low-temperature preservation at 4 °C, supercooling preservation effectively avoids cell damage and the accumulation of metabolic products, demonstrating significant advantages in the preservation of cells, tissues and organs. In recent years, important progress has been made in the optimization of cryoprotectants, the application of antifreeze proteins, the improvement of vitrification technology, and the development of nanotechnology-based rewarming techniques. These advancements provide new pathways to address the challenges of toxicity, ice crystal formation and uneven rewarming rates during supercooling preservation. This review summarizes the basic principles of supercooling preservation, the application of key technologies, and their practical effects in organ transplantation. It also analyzes the challenges of toxicity and rewarming efficiency, aiming to provide theoretical support and research directions for the future optimization of organ low-temperature preservation technology and its clinical application.

Objective:To analyze factors associated with complications after radical surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC).Methods:The clinical data of 150 patients who underwent radical surgery for CRC at Xi'an Aerospace General Hospital between March 2017 and March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The incidence of postoperative complications was statistically evaluated. Based on the occurrence of complications, the patients were divided into two groups: an occurrence group ( n = 31) and a non-occurrence group ( n = 119). Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the incidence of postoperative complications, while logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent risk factors for complications following radical surgery for CRC. Results:Complications occurred in 31 patients among 150 patients who underwent radical surgery for CRC, resulting in an overall incidence of 20.67%. The most common complications were pulmonary infections and wound infections. There were no significant differences between the occurrence and non-occurrence groups regarding sex, age, body mass index, history of smoking, history of hypertension, preoperative white blood cell count, preoperative hemoglobin level, anesthesia method, tumor location, tumor size, or intraoperative blood loss (all P > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed in Dukes staging: the occurrence group had 21 patients in stage C, while the non-occurrence group had 50 patients in the same stage. In the occurrence group, there were 8 patients with poorly differentiated tumors, compared to 3 patients in the non-occurrence group. Additionally, 24 patients in the occurrence group had a history of diabetes, while 112 patients in the non-occurrence group reported the same. Open surgery was performed in 14 patients in the occurrence group, compared to 28 patients in the non-occurrence group. The American Society of Anesthesiologist classification indicated that there were 23 patients in the Ⅲ-Ⅳ category in the occurrence group, compared to 45 patients in the non-occurrence group. Furthermore, 21 patients in the occurrence group had surgical durations of 150 minutes or more, compared to 25 patients in the non-occurrence group. All these factors exhibited statistically significant differences between the two groups (all P < 0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis indicated that the independent risk factors for postoperative complications in CRC patients included Dukes stage C ( OR = 2.149, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 1.423-2.875), poorly differentiated tumors ( OR = 2.487, P = 0.001, 95% CI: 1.225-3.749), a history of diabetes ( OR = 2.812, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 1.605-4.20), open surgery ( OR = 2.67, P = 0.002, 95% CI: 1.166-4.174), The American Society of Anesthesiologist classification Ⅲ-Ⅳ category ( OR = 3.32, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 2.091-4.549), and surgical duration ≥ 150 minutes ( OR = 6.514, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 3.168-9.861). Conclusions:Numerous factors can influence the occurrence of complications following radical surgery for CRC. Clinicians should pay special attention to these factors and implement targeted prevention and control measures to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.

Objective:To analyze factors associated with complications after radical surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC).Methods:The clinical data of 150 patients who underwent radical surgery for CRC at Xi'an Aerospace General Hospital between March 2017 and March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The incidence of postoperative complications was statistically evaluated. Based on the occurrence of complications, the patients were divided into two groups: an occurrence group ( n = 31) and a non-occurrence group ( n = 119). Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the incidence of postoperative complications, while logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent risk factors for complications following radical surgery for CRC. Results:Complications occurred in 31 patients among 150 patients who underwent radical surgery for CRC, resulting in an overall incidence of 20.67%. The most common complications were pulmonary infections and wound infections. There were no significant differences between the occurrence and non-occurrence groups regarding sex, age, body mass index, history of smoking, history of hypertension, preoperative white blood cell count, preoperative hemoglobin level, anesthesia method, tumor location, tumor size, or intraoperative blood loss (all P > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed in Dukes staging: the occurrence group had 21 patients in stage C, while the non-occurrence group had 50 patients in the same stage. In the occurrence group, there were 8 patients with poorly differentiated tumors, compared to 3 patients in the non-occurrence group. Additionally, 24 patients in the occurrence group had a history of diabetes, while 112 patients in the non-occurrence group reported the same. Open surgery was performed in 14 patients in the occurrence group, compared to 28 patients in the non-occurrence group. The American Society of Anesthesiologist classification indicated that there were 23 patients in the Ⅲ-Ⅳ category in the occurrence group, compared to 45 patients in the non-occurrence group. Furthermore, 21 patients in the occurrence group had surgical durations of 150 minutes or more, compared to 25 patients in the non-occurrence group. All these factors exhibited statistically significant differences between the two groups (all P < 0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis indicated that the independent risk factors for postoperative complications in CRC patients included Dukes stage C ( OR = 2.149, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 1.423-2.875), poorly differentiated tumors ( OR = 2.487, P = 0.001, 95% CI: 1.225-3.749), a history of diabetes ( OR = 2.812, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 1.605-4.20), open surgery ( OR = 2.67, P = 0.002, 95% CI: 1.166-4.174), The American Society of Anesthesiologist classification Ⅲ-Ⅳ category ( OR = 3.32, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 2.091-4.549), and surgical duration ≥ 150 minutes ( OR = 6.514, P < 0.001, 95% CI: 3.168-9.861). Conclusions:Numerous factors can influence the occurrence of complications following radical surgery for CRC. Clinicians should pay special attention to these factors and implement targeted prevention and control measures to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.

Objective:To investigate the clinical safety and efficacy of tirofiban in the treatment of hemiplegic stroke warning syndrome.Methods:Patients with hemiplegic stroke warning syndrome admitted to Jining First People's Hospital without receiving intravenous thrombolysis from January 2018 to May 2020 were enrolled retrospectively. Some patients were given tirofiban intravenous infusion for at least 24 h in acute phase, then received oral antiplatelet therapy (tirofiban group); some only received aspirin+ clopidogrel dual antiplatelet therapy (control group). The primary endpoint was muscle strength at the paralytic side and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at day 7 after onset. The secondary endpoint was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 3 months after onset, and ≤2 was defined as good clinical outcome. The safety endpoint was the bleeding events during treatment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent influencing factors of clinical outcome. Results:A total of 30 patients with hemiplegic stroke warning syndrome were enrolled, including 19 (63.3%) in the tirofiban group and 11 (36.7%) in the control group. There was no significant difference in baseline clinical data between the two groups, and no drug-related bleeding complications occurred during treatment. The muscle strength at paralytic side and NIHSS score at day 7 after onset, NIHSS score at discharge and good clinical outcome rate at 3 months in the tirofiban group were significantly better than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that tirofiban was an independent protective factor for good outcome after adjusting the NIHSS score at the beginning of treatment (odds ratio 0.040, 95% confidence interval 0.040-0.449; P=0.009). Conclusions:Tirofiban is safe and effective in the treatment of patients with hemiplegic stroke warning syndrome in acute phase. It can effectively block the progress of the disease, improve the outcome of patients, and will not increase the risk of bleeding.