Objective:To evaluate the relationship between preoperative serum bilirubin concentrations and postoperative delirium (POD) in the patients undergoing knee or hip replacement.Methods:Medical records from 413 patients undergoing knee or hip arthroplasty were selected from August 2020 to October 2023 at Qingdao Municipal Hospital using a nested case-control design based on the PNDABLE study cohort. The patients were divided into POD group ( n=77) and non-POD group ( n=336) according to whether POD occurred. Univariate analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors. Logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors for POD. The significance of mediation effect was tested. The receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn to evaluate the accuracy of risk factors in predicting POD. Results:There were significant differences in age, education time, ratio of diabetes history, Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale score, total bilirubin concentration, direct bilirubin concentration, indirect bilirubin concentration, Aβ 42 concentration, p-tau concentration, t-tau concentration, Aβ 42/p-tau ratio and Aβ 42/t-tau ratio between POD group and non-POD group ( P<0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin were risk factors for POD ( P<0.05). The results of mediation effects showed that the concentration of total tau protein in CSF partly mediated the relationship between high serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin concentrations and POD. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin combined with CSF biomarker concentrations in predicting POD was 0.83 ( P<0.001). Conclusions:Preoperative elevated concentrations of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin are risk factors for POD in the patients undergoing knee or hip replacement. CSF t-tau concentration has a partly mediating role in the association between serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin concentrations and the development of POD.

Objective To investigate the effect of tumor-infiltrating B cells on the therapeutic efficacy of programmed death ligand-1[PD-(L)1]inhibitors and elucidate the potential mechanisms.Methods Based on immunotherapy cohorts for melanoma patients in public databases,the relationship of B cells with progression-free survival (PFS) and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment was analyzed.TC-1 and B16-OVA cells were implanted subcutaneously and in the liver in 6-8-week-old female C57BL/6 mice to establish tumor xenograft models.The effect of B cell clearance on PD-(L)1 therapy was compared.Flow cytometry was performed on the 15th day of TC-1 tumor microenvironment (TME)to confirm the number,function and phenotypic changes of T cells.Flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)were used to detect B cell surface molecules and cytokines.Results Based on ERP105482 data from the ICBatlas public database,high CD19 expression in the tumors was associated with longer PFS in melanoma patients (753 vs 95 d,HR=0.3,95％CI:0.13～0.65,P=0.003).B cells were significantly enriched in immunotherapy-responsive patients (P=0.01).In a mouse TC-1 liver-loaded tumor model,PD-(L)1 antibody treatment reduced tumor mass (P<0.01),whereas B-cell clearance attenuated the therapeutic efficacy.B cells enhanced PD-(L)1 antibody treatment by promoting T cell infiltration and function,and the treatment resulted in changes in B cell subsets,as evidenced by an increase in PD-1 low-expressing subsets (P<0.01).Conclusion After PD-(L)1 treatment,a decrease in PD-1 expression on B cell subsets might be one of the potential mechanisms by which B cells enhance the efficacy of PD-(L)1 therapy.

Peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer is associated with rapid disease progression. Hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) done immediately after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) has become an important treatment for peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer patients. However, different treatment options for HIPEC exist with potential influence on survival rates and prognosis in patients, exist. These treatment options include open or closed abdomen technique, perfusion solution, number of catheters, temperature, duration, and drug regimens. This paper aims to provide more evidence on standardization of HIPEC treatment options and technologies by systematically reviewing different drug regimens and technical approaches. The study included 2 randomized controlled trials, 3 phase I/II clinical trials, 2 prospective cohort studies, and 34 retrospective cohort studies, involving 1511 patients. The most common HIPEC option is to dissolve 50-75 mg/m 2 of Cisplatin and 30-40 mg/m 2 of Mitomycin C in 3-4 L saline solution at 42-43℃. After gastrointestinal anastomosis, 2-3 catheters are used in the HIPEC system with a perfusion flow rate of 500 ml/min. The duration is 60-90 minutes. Anastomotic leakage was low in studies where HIPEC was performed after gastrointestinal anastomosis. The utilization of open HIPEC and a two-drug regimen resulted in improved overall survival rates. The future development of HIPEC aims to enhance tumor-specific therapy by optimizing various aspects, such as identifying the safest and most effective chemotherapy regimens, refining patient selection criteria, and improving perioperative care.

Peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer is associated with rapid disease progression. Hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) done immediately after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) has become an important treatment for peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer patients. However, different treatment options for HIPEC exist with potential influence on survival rates and prognosis in patients, exist. These treatment options include open or closed abdomen technique, perfusion solution, number of catheters, temperature, duration, and drug regimens. This paper aims to provide more evidence on standardization of HIPEC treatment options and technologies by systematically reviewing different drug regimens and technical approaches. The study included 2 randomized controlled trials, 3 phase I/II clinical trials, 2 prospective cohort studies, and 34 retrospective cohort studies, involving 1511 patients. The most common HIPEC option is to dissolve 50-75 mg/m 2 of Cisplatin and 30-40 mg/m 2 of Mitomycin C in 3-4 L saline solution at 42-43℃. After gastrointestinal anastomosis, 2-3 catheters are used in the HIPEC system with a perfusion flow rate of 500 ml/min. The duration is 60-90 minutes. Anastomotic leakage was low in studies where HIPEC was performed after gastrointestinal anastomosis. The utilization of open HIPEC and a two-drug regimen resulted in improved overall survival rates. The future development of HIPEC aims to enhance tumor-specific therapy by optimizing various aspects, such as identifying the safest and most effective chemotherapy regimens, refining patient selection criteria, and improving perioperative care.

The tumor microenvironment,particularly the hypoxic property and glutathione(GSH)overexpression,substantially inhibits the efficacy of cancer therapy.In this article,we present the design of a magnetic nanoplatform(MNPT)comprised of a photosensitizer(Ce6)and an iron oxide(Fe3O4)/manganese oxide(MnO2)composite nanozyme.Reactive oxygen species(ROS),such as singlet oxygen(1O2)radicals produced by light irradiation and hydroxyl radicals(·OH)produced by catalysis,are therapeutic species.These therapeutic substances stimulate cell apoptosis by increasing oxidative stress.This apoptosis then triggers the immunological response,which combines photodynamic therapy and T-cell-mediated immunotherapy to treat cancer.Furthermore,MNPT can be utilized as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance and fluorescence dual-modality imaging to give real-time tracking and feedback on treatment.

Objective To explore the effect of fluid shear stress on the expression of glucose regulatory protein 78(GRP78)and C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP)in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).Methods HUVECs were used as experimental cells,and a fluid dynamics simulation experimental system was designed and constructed.Different fluid shear stresses were applied to the experimental cells by controlling the flow rate of the perfusion fluid in the experimental system.According to the fluid shear stress experienced by the experimental cells in the experimental system,they were divided into low shear stress group(group A;0.4Pa),medium shear stress group(group B;0.8 Pa)and high shear stress group(group C;1.2 Pa).Each group of HUVECs consisted of 3 cell slides,and each slide was repeatedly circulated through the perfusion solution of the experimental system for 12 h.Western blotting was used to detect the levels of GRP78 and CHOP proteins,and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the levels of GRP78 and CHOP and their messenger RNA(mRNA)in each group.GraphPad Prism 8.0 software was used to statistically analyze the data.Results(1)The relative expression levels of GRP78 protein in groups A,B and C were 1.33±0.46,0.93±0.34,0.64±0.30,respectively,the difference among groups was statistically significant(F=36.17,P＜0.05).The relative expression level of GRP78 protein in group A was higher than that in group B and group C(both P＜0.01),and the relative expression level of GRP78 protein in group B was higher than that in group C(P=0.0013).The relative expression levels of CHOP protein in the three groups were 1.29±0.38 in group A,0.90±0.34 in group B,and 0.59±0.29 in group C,the difference among groups was statistically significant(F=41.27,P＜0.05).The relative expression level of CHOP protein in group A was higher than that in group B and group C(both P＜0.01),and the relative expression level of CHOP protein in group B was higher than that in group C(P=0.0 004).(2)The relative expression levels of GRP78 mRNA in groups A,B,and C were 18.3±3.4,11.3±1.8,5.4±2.2,respectively,the difference among groups was statistically significant(F=189.20,P＜0.05).The relative expression level of GRP78 mRNA in group A was higher than that in group B and group C(both P＜0.01),and the relative expression level of GRP78 mRNA in group B was higher than that in group C(P＜0.01).The relative expression levels of CHOP mRNA in the three groups were 20.4±3.8 in group A,14.2±2.1 in group B,and 7.8±1.3 in group C,the difference among groups was statistically significant(F=171.80,P＜0.05).The relative expression level of CHOP mRNA in group A was higher than that in group B and group C(both P＜0.01),and the relative expression level of CHOP mRNA in group B was higher than that in group C(P＜0.01).Conclusion Low fluid shear stress may increase the protein and mRNA expression levels of GRP78 and CHOP in HUVECs.

Objective To construct a prognostic risk model for exploring the prognostic value of copper metabolism related genes(CMRGs)in lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD),thereby providing a reference for personalized treatment of LUAD patients.Methods The RNA-seq data of LUAD tissues and adjacent or normal lung tissues were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)database and Genotype-tissue Expression(GTEx)database.The risk scoring model was established using univariate Cox regression analysis,Lasso analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis,and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves and nomogram were used to evaluate the model performance.The LUAD data in the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO),the Tumor Immune Single-cell Hub(TISCH)single-cell sequencing analysis,and the Human Protein Atlas(HPA)immunohistochemistry analysis were used for external validation.Additionally,the immune microenvironment and drug sensitivity of high-and low-risk groups were analyzed.Results A risk model consisting of 6 genes was constructed.The overall survival rate of low-risk group was higher than that of high-risk group(P<0.001).ROC analysis showed that the area under curve of the risk model in training set reached 0.729,0.749 and 0.707 at 1-,3-and 5-year,respectively,and the C index of C-index curve was 0.721(95%CI:0.678-0.764).The immune microenvironment differed significantly between high-and low-risk groups(P<0.001),and the drug sensitivity analysis in high-and low-risk groups revealed that there was statistically significant for gemcitabine,gefitinib,crizotinib and savolitinib(P<0.001).Conclusion The risk model constructed with 6 CMRGs enable the prediction of the prognosis of LUAD patients.The immune microenvironment differs in high-and low-risk group,and high-risk patients are more sensitive to drugs such as gemcitabine,gefitinib,crizotinib and savolitinib,which provide a reference for the personalized treatment of LUAD patients.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, and the current lung cancer screening and treatment strategies are constantly improving, but its 5-year survival rate is still very low, which seriously endangers human health. Therefore, it is critical to explore new biomarkers to provide personalized treatment and improve the prognosis. Cuproptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death, which is due to the accumulation of excess copper ions in the cell, eventually leading to cell death, which has been suggested by studies to be closely related to the occurrence and development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, this study explored the association between cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) and LUAD prognosis, established a prognostic risk model, and analyzed the interaction between CRGs and LUAD immune cell infiltration. METHODS: The RNA-seq data of LUAD tissue and paracancerous or normal lung tissue were downloaded from the TCGA database; the RNA-seq data of normal lung tissue was downloaded from the Genotype-tissue Expression (GTEx) database, and the data of 462 lung adenocarcinoma cases were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus repository (GEO) as verification. T the risk score model to assess prognosis was constructed by univariate Cox and Lasso-Cox regression analysis, and the predictive ability of the model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve. Immune-related and drug susceptibility analysis was further performed on high- and low-risk groups. RESULTS: A total of 1656 CRGs and 1356 differentially expressed CRGs were obtained, and 13 CRGs were screened out based on univariate Cox and Lasso-Cox regression analysis to construct a prognostic risk model, and the area under the curves (AUCs) of ROC curves 1-, 3- and 5- year were 0.749, 0.740 and 0.689, respectively. Further study of immune-related functions and immune checkpoint differential analysis between high- and low-risk groups was done. High-risk groups were more sensitive to drugs such as Savolitinib, Palbociclib, and Cytarabine and were more likely to benefit from immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The risk model constructed based on 13 CRGs has good prognostic value, which can assist LUAD patients in individualized treatment, and provides an important theoretical basis for the treatment and prognosis of LUAD.
Humans ; Adenocarcinoma/genetics* ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics* ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Lung Neoplasms/genetics* ; Prognosis ; Copper ; Apoptosis

Pyroptosis， a new type of inflammatory programmed cell death， is different from apoptosis， necrosis， cytosis， ferroptosis， and autophagy. Pyroptosis is dependent on the activation of cysteine aspartate-specific protease （Caspase）， which cleaves key mediator proteins to form pores in the cell membrane and induces the maturation and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 into the extracellular environment， resulting in a cascade of inflammatory reactions. Gastric cancer as a malignant tumor of the digestive tract is refractory and has poor prognosis， and the chemoradiotherapy of this disease may lead to a variety of complications. At present， the pathogenesis of gastric cancer remains unclear. Studies have proved that pyroptosis is associated with the occurrence and development of gastric cancer， which has attracted wide attention. Pyroptosis is a double-edged sword for gastric cancer. On the one hand， it can release the contents of proinflammatory cells to amplify or maintain inflammation and induce the "inflammation-cancer" transformation of cells. On the other hand， pyroptosis can enhance the sensitivity of drugs for chemotherapy to improve the therapeutic effect and survival. In recent years， the anti-tumor mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has become a research hotspot as TCM has demonstrated significant effects in clinical application. Therefore， the regulation of pyroptosis by TCM may be a new direction for the treatment of gastric cancer in the future. Based on the available studies， this paper introduces the roles of pyroptosis-associated key proteins in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Furthermore， this paper summarizes the effects of TCM prescriptions and active ingredients on alleviating gastric mucosal damage， reducing the incidence of gastric cancer， and preventing tumor metastasis and recurrence by mediating pyroptosis pathways， aiming to provide new ideas for deciphering the mechanism of pyroptosis and exploring the TCM treatment of gastric cancer in the future.