Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the thoracic malignant tumor and accounts for about 15% of lung malignancies and transfer often occurs by the time of diagnosis. Extensive stage-small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) accounts for about 2/3 of all SCLC. For many years, radiotherapy has occupied an important position in the treatment of SCLC, especially in the treatment of ES-SCLC, because SCLC is more sensitive to radiotherapy. However, in recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitor has shown more excellent antitumor activity in the treatment of ES-SCLC and become the mainstream argument for the treatment of ES-SCLC. However, will radiotherapy be buried by the times among the therapeutic approaches for ES-SCLC? In this article, we will review the clinical progress of radiotherapy, immunotherapy and combination therapy for ES-SCLC.
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Humans ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/therapy* ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy* ; Immunotherapy ; Neoplasm Staging ; Radiotherapy/methods* ; Combined Modality Therapy

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of adverse reactions caused by dinutuximab β for the treatment of neuro-blastoma(NB)in China and to provide safety evidence for the rational use of dinutuximab β in clinical practice.Methods:Clinical data were retrospectively collected from 16 pediatric patients with NB who had been treated with dinutuximab β at Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2022 to November 2023,and the adverse reactions caused by dinutuximab β were summarized and analyzed.Results:The male-to-female ratio was 5:3 among the 16 children with NB.The retroperitoneum was the main initial site of involvement,accounting for 75%.Thirteen(81.25%)patients had high-risk NB.The adverse reactions caused by dinutuximab β mainly included decreased hemoglobin,fever,vomiting,and diarrhea.The inci-dence of adverse reactions was highest in the first course of treatment,and the median time of adverse reactions was 2-5 days.Conclu-sion:Targeted monitoring should be carried out at an early stage during dinutuximab β administration.Adverse reactions should be de-tected and managed early to ensure the safety of medication for children.

This ENETS guidance for well-differentiated nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours(NF-Pan-NET),which published on Journal of Neuroendocrinology(2023),has been developed by a multidisciplinary working group,and provides up-to-date and practical advice on the management of these tumours.In this guideline,the authors discussed 10 troublesome questions about clinical practice,and summarized the extensive experience of their centers treating patients with NF-Pan-NET,and suggested that multidisciplinary participation is an essential part of NF-Pan-NET diagnosis and treatment.This paper aims to interpret the key contents of the guidelines in order to provide standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment procedures in NF-Pan-NET.

Objective To investigate the clinical effectiveness and adverse events of domestic programmed cell death -1 (PD-1) inhibitor in the treatment of advanced non-HBV non-HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (NBNC-HCC). Methods A totals of 31 patients with advanced NBNC-HCC who received domestic PD-1 inhibitor in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from June 2019 to February 2022 were retrospectively enrolled and their clinicopathological data were retrieved from their medical records and analyzed, i.e., the time to disease progression (TTP), disease control rate (DCR), objective response rate (ORR), and adverse events were recorded and statistically analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Results Among these 31 patients, only one achieved the complete response and four achieved the partial response, and six had the stable disease, but 20 showed a disease progression, resulting in an ORR of 16.1% and a (DCR of 35.5%. The median TTP was 7.2 months [95% confidence interval: 6.4-8.0) months]. The incidence of adverse events was 61.30% and the common adverse events were skin rash (29.03%) and hypertension (22.58%). However, there was no grade 4 adverse reactions or related death in these patients. Conclusion Advanced NBNC-HCC patients had a relative weak response to the PD-1 inhibitor although the adverse events were controllable. Future multi-center prospective clinical trials are needed to validate the data.

Objective To investigate midkine (MK) level in serum of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) before and after operation,detect the expression of MK protein in tissues and analyze its relationship with the malignant biological behavior of ESCC.Methods The MK levels in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 30 healthy cases and 55 patients with ESCC when the day before operation and the tenth-day after operation.Then the expression of MK protein in 55 patients surgically removed ESCC were detected by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against human MK.Results The average optical density of MK in serum of ESCC patients before operation was 0.1006±0.0624,0.0455±0.0155 in normal control group,0.0752±0.0267 in postoperative control group (t =6.203,P ＜ 0.001).The MK levels in serum of ESCC patients before operation were significantly higher than those after operation (t =4.357,P ＜ 0.001) and those in healthy controls (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of MK protein was no statistically significant correlation with tumor size (x2 =0.131),TNM stage (x2 =0.315) and lymph node metastasis (x2 =0.282) in ESCC (all P ＞ 0.05).But significant correlation was noted between the expression of MK protein and the vasculature involving of the cutting edge (x2 =4.223),degree of cellular differentiation (x2 =10.326),invasive extent of the carcinoma (x2 =20.556) (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion MK is overexpressed in ESCC patient' s serum and tissue.The high level of preoperative serum MK is caused by the tumor.