Proteins are fundamental carriers as the structural elements and biochemically active entities responsible for catalysis, transport, and regulation. These functions are depending on the protein folding into precise three-dimensional structures, interacting with ligands, and conformational changes. This article reviews the recent progress of nanopores in single-molecule protein sensing, involving the identification of polypeptides and proteins, the conformation changes of protein folding, the molecular structure responsible to the pH of solutions, the molecular interactions, and protein sequencing. These studies provide clues to understand life activities and facilitate the early diagnosis of diseases and design of drugs for precise treatment.
Nanopores ; Proteins/chemistry* ; Biosensing Techniques/methods* ; Protein Folding ; Humans

Objective:To assess the effectiveness of a 6-month Ba Duan Jin exercise program in improving the balance of community-dwelling older adults.Methods:A two arms, parallel-group, cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted in 1 028 community residents aged 60-80 years in 40 communities in 5 provinces of China. Participants in the intervention group (20 communities, 523 people) received Ba Duan Jin exercise 5 days/week, 1 hour/day for 6 months, and three times of falls prevention health education, and the control group (20 communities, 505 people) received falls prevention health education same as the intervention group. The Berg balance scale (BBS) score was the leading outcome indicator, and the secondary outcome indicators included the length of time of standing on one foot (with eyes open and closed), standing in a tandem stance (with eyes open and closed), the closed circle test, and the timed up to test.Results:A total of 1 028 participants were included in the final analysis, including 731 women (71.11%) and 297 men (28.89%), and the age was (69.87±5.67) years. After the 3-month intervention, compared with the baseline data, the BBS score of the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group by 3.05 (95% CI: 2.23-3.88) points ( P<0.001). After the 6-month intervention, compared with the baseline data, the BBS score of the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group by 4.70 (95% CI: 4.03-5.37) points ( P<0.001). Ba Duan Jin showed significant improvement ( P<0.05) in all secondary outcomes after 6 months of exercise in the intervention group compared with the control group. Conclusions:This study showed that Ba Duan Jin exercise can improve balance in community-dwelling older adults aged 60-80. The longer the exercise time, the better the improvement.

Objective To observe the effect of different volume cerebrospinal fluid replacement therapy on subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods 60 patients were randomly divided into two groups, A group(n=30) and B group (n=30). Patients in A group received cerebrospinal fluid replacement with a total replacement of 50-70ml each time. Patients in B group received cerebrospinal fluid replacement with a total replacement of 10 - 30ml each time.Results The period to relieve headache in A group was shorter significantly than in B group(P 0.05). The total effect rate of A group was significantly higher than that of B group( P