Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease involving multiple cells and cellular components， characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing， shortness of breath， chest tightness， and coughing， significantly impacting patients' quality of life. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B（PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway， as a crucial hub in intracellular signaling， is widely involved in the regulation of cell growth， proliferation， survival， metabolism， and a series of pathophysiological processes. Its regulatory role in the pathological progression of asthma is particularly significant， specifically in promoting airway inflammation， mediating epithelial mesenchymal transition， accelerating airway remodeling， regulating cell autophagy， inducing mucus hypersecretion， and influencing immune response balance. This study analyzed potential molecular targets of the PI3K/Akt pathway， including activators such as cysteine proteinase inhibitor 1（CST1）， found in inflammatory zone 1（FIZZ1） and free fatty acid receptor 1（FFAR1）， and inhibitors such as human β-defensin-3（hBD-3）， disintegrins， metalloproteinase 33（ADAM33） and interleukin-27（IL-27）， and initially revealed the potential molecular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） in asthma intervention. Based on this， the authors systematically summarized the efficacy and specific mechanisms of TCM monomers， compounds， and external treatments for asthma by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through literature review and analysis， aiming at establishing a robust foundation for the wide application and advanced development of TCM in asthma treatment， offering innovative insights for clinical research and drug development of asthma.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease involving multiple cells and cellular components， characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing， shortness of breath， chest tightness， and coughing， significantly impacting patients' quality of life. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B（PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway， as a crucial hub in intracellular signaling， is widely involved in the regulation of cell growth， proliferation， survival， metabolism， and a series of pathophysiological processes. Its regulatory role in the pathological progression of asthma is particularly significant， specifically in promoting airway inflammation， mediating epithelial mesenchymal transition， accelerating airway remodeling， regulating cell autophagy， inducing mucus hypersecretion， and influencing immune response balance. This study analyzed potential molecular targets of the PI3K/Akt pathway， including activators such as cysteine proteinase inhibitor 1（CST1）， found in inflammatory zone 1（FIZZ1） and free fatty acid receptor 1（FFAR1）， and inhibitors such as human β-defensin-3（hBD-3）， disintegrins， metalloproteinase 33（ADAM33） and interleukin-27（IL-27）， and initially revealed the potential molecular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） in asthma intervention. Based on this， the authors systematically summarized the efficacy and specific mechanisms of TCM monomers， compounds， and external treatments for asthma by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through literature review and analysis， aiming at establishing a robust foundation for the wide application and advanced development of TCM in asthma treatment， offering innovative insights for clinical research and drug development of asthma.

This article analyzes the development and current status of clinical pathways(CPs)in the United States,the European Union,and Japan.CPs are standardized treatment models based on medical evidence and guidelines,aiming to improve therapeutic outcomes,reduce costs,ensure treatment consistency,enhance medical service efficiency,and increase patient satisfaction.The United States has promoted CPs since 1985,driving their development through legislation and professional associations to improve service quality and reduce medical expenditures.The European Union supports the development and evaluation of CPs through the European Pathway Association,emphasizing the improvement of patient treatment outcomes.Japan uses CPs as a tool to improve the quality of medical services,with an emphasis on multidisciplinary collaboration.All three have shown positive effects of CPs in improving medical service efficiency and reducing costs.However,they also face challenges such as overemphasis on cost control,lack of transparency,and physician cooperation.China can draw on these experiences to promote the development of CPs and enhance the quality and efficiency of medical services.

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent low mood or mental disorders. Current treatments primarily focus on regulating neurotransmitter levels， but their effectiveness is limited. The mechanisms underlying its onset are complex， and there is no unified consensus. Abnormal signaling pathway transmission plays a crucial role in the development of depression， involving multiple pathways， including Toll-like receptor 4/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 （TLR4/NLRP3）， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription （JAK/STAT）， mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase （MAPK/ERK）， brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B （BDNF/TrkB）， cyclic AMP/protein kinase A/cAMP response element-binding protein （cAMP/PKA/CREB）， and others. Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） is based on a holistic approach and the principle of treatment based on the differentiation of syndromes， regulating the balance of multiple systems and organ functions from a macroscopic perspective. This approach has shown unique advantages in the treatment of depression. TCM attributes the onset of depression to dysfunction of the organ systems， involving liver Qi stagnation， heart spirit deficiency， kidney essence depletion， and spleen dysfunction. TCM compound treatments focus on soothing the liver， strengthening the spleen， calming the heart， and replenishing essence， with formulas such as Xiaoyaosan， Zishui Qinggan Yin， and Chahu Jia Guizhi Longgu Muli Tang. The active components of Chinese herbs mainly aim to tonify and regulate Qi， such as salidroside， ginsenoside Rb₁， astragaloside， and muscone. External TCM treatments， primarily acupuncture， aim to open the orifices and invigorate the spirit. Acupoints such as Baihui， Shenting， and Yintang are commonly used. Additionally， massage and moxibustion therapy can intervene in depression by regulating signaling pathways. This article reviews the core role of signaling pathways in the development of depression and the mechanism of TCM regulation of signaling pathways to intervene in depression， aiming to discover new therapeutic approaches that can improve the symptoms of depressed patients.

This article analyzes the development and current status of clinical pathways(CPs)in the United States,the European Union,and Japan.CPs are standardized treatment models based on medical evidence and guidelines,aiming to improve therapeutic outcomes,reduce costs,ensure treatment consistency,enhance medical service efficiency,and increase patient satisfaction.The United States has promoted CPs since 1985,driving their development through legislation and professional associations to improve service quality and reduce medical expenditures.The European Union supports the development and evaluation of CPs through the European Pathway Association,emphasizing the improvement of patient treatment outcomes.Japan uses CPs as a tool to improve the quality of medical services,with an emphasis on multidisciplinary collaboration.All three have shown positive effects of CPs in improving medical service efficiency and reducing costs.However,they also face challenges such as overemphasis on cost control,lack of transparency,and physician cooperation.China can draw on these experiences to promote the development of CPs and enhance the quality and efficiency of medical services.

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are self-regenerating,rapidly proliferating pluripotent stem cells that depend primarily on their derived pro-angiogenic,inflammatory regulatory,and tro-phic factors to exert beneficial effects that attenu-ate deleterious inflammatory responses,reduce vascular damage,and promote tissue repair and re-generation.Obstructive sleep apnea hypoventila-tion syndrome(OSAHS)is a chronic disorder marked by oropharyngeal collapse during sleep,re-sulting in transient reduced airflow,large fluctua-tions in intrathoracic pressure,and intermittent hy-poxia and hypercapnia.OSAHS subsequently cyto-kine-mediated inflammatory cascades,oxidative stress,and ischemia,recruit MSCs from inflamed and damaged tissues through MSCs-derived of anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factor activity,re-duce hypoxia,suppress inflammation,promote re-generation,and prevent fibrosis in OSAHS-injured tissues.In this paper,we will describe the patho-genesis of inflammation,oxidative stress,fibrosis and ischemia from the perspective of OSAHS,high-lighting the current research progress on MSCs-de-pendent regulation of OSAHS-related pathology.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disordered breathing disorder. As a major global public health problem, untreated OSA can lead to a variety of adverse health outcomes, including various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Traditional OSA therapies such as positive airway pressure (PAP), weight loss, oral appliance, upper airway surgery, and postural therapy focus on the anatomical factors of OSA. However, the pathogenesis of OSA is heterogeneous, and non-anatomical factors also play an important role in most patients. Although there is no drug with exact efficacy for the treatment of OSA, with the deepening understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of OSA, more and more clinical studies are devoted to the study of drug treatment of OSA and its complications, and a series of results have been achieved. The following is a review of the relevant studies on drug treatment of OSA in recent years, hoping to provide literature support and theoretical basis for future research on drug treatment of OSA.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a respiratory disease characterized by inflammation due to neutrophil infiltration, has become the third leading cause of death worldwide. After the occurrence of COPD, the persistent accumulation of neutrophils can promote the excessive formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which plays an important role in local capture and clearance of pathogens, rapid control of infection, and immune regulation. This article mainly introduces the mechanism of COPD occurrence and NETs formation as well as the research progress of NETs in COPD, and summarizes the relevant drug targets for COPD treatment based on NETs, aiming to provide a reference for further research.

Ischemic stroke, a cerebrovascular disease with high incidence, high mortality, high disability rate and high recurrence rate, is an important cause of death and disability of middle-aged and elderly people in China, and imposes a huge burden to society and families. Therefore, it is essential to identify the risk factors associated with ischemic stroke and effectively prevent them. Studies have shown that obstructive sleep apnea is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke. However, the exact pathological mechanism of their association has not been clarified. With the development of next-generation sequencing technology, more and more studies have focused on intestinal microbiota. They have found that obstructive sleep apnea can cause intestinal microbiota changes, and intestinal microbiota may be closely related to ischemic stroke. Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate the relationship between intestinal flora and ischemic stroke, so as to reveal the potential pathological mechanism of ischemic stroke caused by obstructive sleep apnea.