In recent decades,the incidence of human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(OPSCC)has shown a marked increase.Significant changes have also occurred in the OPSCC diagnosis and treatment paradigm.Deter-mining HPV status prior to treatment is now essential,and radiotherapy/chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and minimally invasive surgical techniques have progressively emerged as key modalities for managing OPSCC.However,alongside these paradigm shifts,a comprehen-sive technical consensus guiding the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process for OPSCC patients is currently lacking.Given China's large population base and the rising incidence of OPSCC,an expert panel convened to develop a clinical technical consensus on OPSCC diagno-sis and management tailored to China's specific context.This consensus aims to further enhance and standardize understanding of OPSCC management techniques among relevant healthcare professionals.

AIM:This study aimed to evaluate the expression of genes related to methionine metabolism in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and investigate the effects of methionine and solute carrier family 43 member 2(SLC43A2)on the migratory and invasive abilities of ESCC cells.METHODS:Bioinformatic analysis was used to eval-uate the expression of key genes related to methionine metabolism in ESCC and adjacent normal tissues.Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess the relationship between the expression of these genes and prognosis in patients with ESCC.Cluster analysis was used to examine the effects of methionine metabolism-related genes on overall survival and the tumor microenvironment in patients with ESCC.Enrichment analysis to search for biological processes tightly linked to methio-nine and SLC43A2 in ESCC.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of the SLC43A2 protein in ESCC and adjacent normal tissues.RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the interfering efficiency to SLC43A2 expression in ESCC cells.In addition,Transwell assay was used to assess the effects of methionine restriction or SLC43A2 knockdown on the migratory and invasive abilities of ESCC cells.RESULTS:Most key enzymes involved in methionine metabolism and SLC43A2 were upregulated in ESCC tissues relative to adjacent normal tissues(P<0.05).These differen-tially expressed genes had a significant impact on the prognosis of ESCC(P<0.05).Cluster analysis showed that patients in cluster A with high expression of SLC43A2 had a poor prognosis and that the types and numbers of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment were significantly lower in cluster A than in cluster B.Enrichment analysis showed that the high-SLC43A2-expression group was significantly enriched in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)pathway(P<0.01).In addition,methionine restriction or SLC43A2 knockdown inhibited the migratory and invasive abilities of ESCC cells(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Methionine metabolism is highly active in ESCC tissues,and high expression of SLC43A2 in ESCC tissues is associated with a poor prognosis and enhanced tumor migration and invasion.

Aim To explore the key components and mechanisms of Lizhong decoction in treating rats with cold-damp diarrhea based on network pharmacology,molecular docking technology and animal experiments.Methods By literature review and database collec-tion,the components of Lizhong decoction,therapeutic targets,and the mapping with diarrhea disease targets were conducted to construct an intersection target pro-tein-protein interaction network for screening core tar-gets,and GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed to build an"active component-target-pathway"network,followed by molecular docking vali-dation.Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into the normal control group(K),model group(DG),Lizhong decoction group(LZDG),and Pulsatilla decoction group(BTDG).Subsequently,a rat cold-damp diar-rhea model was established using Senna combined with low-temperature high-humidity environment,and the rats were intervened with Lizhong decoction and Pul-satilla decoction.HE staining was used to detect path-ological changes in intestinal tissue,ELISA was em-ployed to measure the levels of peripheral blood IL-6,IL-10,IL-1 β,and TNF-α,and western blot was used to determine the expression of colon tight junction pro-teins.Results Network pharmacology initially identi-fied 125 compounds in Lizhong decoction,5 186 drug target components,438 disease targets,and 60"drug-disease"shared targets.GO and KEGG enrichment a-nalysis showed that signaling pathways such as IL-17 and TNF were highly enriched.Molecular docking in-dicated that the core components of the drug had good binding activity with corresponding key targets.Liz-hong decoction could effectively improve the clinical symptoms of rats with cold-damp diarrhea,and com-pared with the DG group,the diarrhea rate,diarrhea in-dex,and other related indicators also gradually de-creased to normal levels.Compared with the DG group,the LZDG group showed reduced inflammation levels and a recovery in energy metabolism levels.Conclusion It can regulate targets such as MMP9 and IL-17 signaling pathways through multi-components like Calycosin and formononetin to exert its therapeutic effect on cold-damp diarrhea.

Objective:To investigate the clinical diagnosis and treatment of granulomatous prostatitis（GP）in patients with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System（PI-RADS）scores ≥ 4 on magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）.Methods:The data of 12 GP patients with PI-RADS score ≥ 4 who were admitted to Beijing Chaoyang Hospital，Capital Medical University，from February 2015 to February 2025，were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were aged 51?73 years（mean 66 years）. Presenting complaints included elevated prostate-specific antigen（PSA）levels in 6 cases，prostatic mass in 2 cases，urinary retention in 3 cases，and gross hematuria in 1 case. All 12 patients had concomitant lower urinary tract symptoms. Medical history revealed pulmonary tuberculosis in 2 cases，testicular tuberculosis in 1 case，close contact with tuberculosis in 1 case（spouse diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis 5 years earlier），allergic granulomatous vasculitis in 1 case，and intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin（BCG）instillation in 1 case. Digital rectal examination（DRE）showed gradeⅠprostatic hyperplasia in 2 cases，grade Ⅱ in 9 cases，and grade Ⅲ in 1 case. Nodules were palpable in 6 patients. The median PSA was 7.20 ng/ml（ranging 1.11?21.90 ng/ml），with 2 cases < 4 ng/ml. Transrectal ultrasound was performed in 10 patients，and prostate volumes were ranging from 29.48 to 109.78 cm3，with 6 cases > 45 cm3. All 12 patients underwent MRI，and all demonstrated PI-RADS scores ≥ 4，typically presenting as low signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging，high signal on diffusion-weighted imaging（DWI），and low apparent diffusion coefficient（ADC）values. Contrast-enhanced MRI in 8 cases revealed heterogeneous enhancement. One patient underwent 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography-computed tomography（ 68Ga-PSMA PET-CT），which showed band-like increased uptake in the central zone. All 12 patients were preoperatively suspected of prostate cancer，of whom 10 underwent transrectal biopsy and 2 underwent transperineal biopsy. Pathological characteristics and follow-up results were analyzed. Treatment outcomes were analyzed，The International Prostate Symptom Score（IPSS），quality of life（QOL）score，maximum urinary flow rate（Q max），and post-void residual urine（PVR）volume were compared before and 1 month after treatment. Results:Histopathology confirmed GP in all cases，with chronic inflammation in 11 cases and acute inflammation in 1 case. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positivity for CD68（macrophage marker），high-molecular weight cytokeratin（HCK），and reticulin staining；periodic acid-Schiff（PAS）and acid-fast staining were positive in 2 cases，corresponding to 1 patient with a prior history of pulmonary tuberculosis and 1 with testicular tuberculosis. Two patients underwent thulium laser enucleation of the prostate，while 10 received conservative treatment，including 2 patients with tuberculosis infection who were referred for anti-tuberculosis therapy and 8 patients treated with oral tamsulosin 0.2 mg once daily. Follow-up was completed in 10 patients：9 were followed for 1 ? 3 months（mean 2.4 months），and 1 patient was followed for 9 years before being diagnosed with prostate cancer. Two additional patients，whose pathological findings suggested a possible diagnosis of tuberculous granulomatous prostatitis，were advised to undergo anti-tuberculosis treatment at another hospital and were subsequently lost to follow-up. Among the 2 patients who underwent thulium laser enucleation，IPSS decreased from 26 and 25 to 6 and 5 respectively，QOL scores decreased from 6 and 5 to 1 and 0 respectively，Q max increased from 4.5 and 4.3 ml/s to 23.0 and 21.9 ml/s respectively. In the 8 patients treated conservatively，IPSS decreased from 18.45±7.17 to 14.45±5.03，and QOL score decreased from 5.09±1.04 to 4.09±0.70 at 1 month after treatment，showing significant improvement（ P < 0.05）. Additionally，one patient initially diagnosed with GP and managed conservatively remained stable for 9 years，but subsequently developed urinary retention and underwent thulium laser enucleation，with postoperative pathology confirming prostate cancer. Conclusions:Clinical manifestations of GP are nonspecific，and the condition can easily be mistaken for prostate cancer due to elevated PSA levels and PI-RADS scores ≥4. Some patients may present with acute urinary retention，but definitive diagnosis still relies on prostate biopsy and immunohistochemistry. Treatment should be individualized according to the underlying etiology，with medication as the mainstay，while transurethral surgical intervention may be considered in cases with obstruction. Although GP is a benign lesion，its potential association with prostate cancer warrants vigilance and emphasizes the importance of long-term follow-up.

AIM To investigate the effects of Yiqi Juanbi Formula on chondrocyte pyroptosis in rat models of collagen-induced arthritis(CIA).METHODS Fifty rats were subcutaneously injected at the tail base with an emulsion containing equal volumes of bovine type Ⅱ collagen and incomplete Freund's adjuvant(IFA)to establish the CIA models.These rats were then randomly assigned to the model group,the methotrexate group(0.35 mg/kg),and the low-dose,medium-dose,and high-dose Yiqi Juanbi Formula groups(9.4,18.7,37.4 g/kg),in contrast to the ten intact rats serving in the normal control group.Following four weeks of intragastric administration,the rats had their general conditions observed;their joint swelling and arthritis indices measured;their ankle joint pathology assessed by HE staining;their serum levels of IL-1β,IL-18 and TNF-ɑ detected by ELISA;their mRNA expressions of NLRP3,Caspase-1,GSDMD,IL-1β,IL-18 and TNF-ɑ in ankle cartilage quantified by RT-qPCR;their protein expressions of NF-κB,NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in ankle cartilage analyzed by Western blot;and their NLRP3 and GSDMD positive expressions in ankle cartilage examined by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS Compared to the control group,the model group showed significantly increased joint swelling and arthritis indices(P＜0.01);elevated serum levels of IL-1 β,IL-18 and TNF-ɑ(P＜0.01);pathological changes including cartilage surface defects,reduced cell count,altered cellular morphology,irregular cell arrangement,and significant inflammatory cell infiltration in synovial tissue;upregulated mRNA expressions of NF-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1,GSDMD,IL-1β,IL-18 and TNF-ɑ(P＜0.01)and increased protein expressions of NF-κB,NLRP3 and Caspase-1(P＜0.01)in ankle cartilage;enhanced positive expressions of NLRP3 and GSDMD in ankle cartilage(P＜0.01).Compared to the model group,the groups intervened with methotrexate or medium-or high-dose Yiqi Juanbi Formula exhibited reduced joint swelling and arthritis indices(P＜0.01);alleviated pathological damage in ankle joints;decreased serum levels of IL-1β,IL-18 and TNF-ɑ(P＜0.01);downregulated mRNA expressions of NF-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1,GSDMD,IL-1β,IL-18 and TNF-ɑ(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and reduced protein expressions of NF-κB,NLRP3 and Caspase-1(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)in ankle cartilage;and diminished positive expressions of NLRP3 and GSDMD in ankle cartilage(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION Yiqi Juanbi Formula alleviates inflammation in CIA rats,potentially by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway,thereby suppressing chondrocyte pyroptosis.

Aim To investigate the impact of G pro-tein-coupled estrogen receptor 1(GPER1),also known as GPR30 playing a significant role in the nerv-ous system,on neuronal damage and cognitive dysfunc-tion following epileptic seizures.Methods The pro-tein expression levels of GPER1 and the DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in epileptic rats were assessed using Western blot.The hippocampal neuronal damage and apoptosis in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy models were evaluated using Nissl and TUNEL staining techniques,compared with GPER1 knockdown(GPER1-KD)rats with wild-type(WT)controls.The behavioral activi-ties,including memory and spatial learning,were mo-nitored during the chronic phase of epilepsy using the IntelliCage system.Results Compared to the control group,GPER1 protein expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus significantly increased 24 hours post-epilepsy onset.In the GPER1-KD+EP group,hipp-ocampal neuronal damage was more severe,with a sig-nificant increase in apoptotic neurons compared to the WT+EP group.The IntelliCage data revealed that during free exploration,nose contact,position learn-ing,and reverse position learning stages in the GPER1-KD+EP group exhibited fewer visits and a higher error rate than in the WT+EP group.Conclu-sions Deficiency in GPER1 impairs memory and spa-tial learning abilities following epilepsy,potentially due to exacerbated neuronal injury,apoptosis,and inflam-mation.GPER1 represents a promising therapeutic tar-get for mitigating post-epileptic nerve damage and cog-nitive impairment.

Aim To explore the key components and mechanisms of Lizhong decoction in treating rats with cold-damp diarrhea based on network pharmacology,molecular docking technology and animal experiments.Methods By literature review and database collec-tion,the components of Lizhong decoction,therapeutic targets,and the mapping with diarrhea disease targets were conducted to construct an intersection target pro-tein-protein interaction network for screening core tar-gets,and GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed to build an"active component-target-pathway"network,followed by molecular docking vali-dation.Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into the normal control group(K),model group(DG),Lizhong decoction group(LZDG),and Pulsatilla decoction group(BTDG).Subsequently,a rat cold-damp diar-rhea model was established using Senna combined with low-temperature high-humidity environment,and the rats were intervened with Lizhong decoction and Pul-satilla decoction.HE staining was used to detect path-ological changes in intestinal tissue,ELISA was em-ployed to measure the levels of peripheral blood IL-6,IL-10,IL-1 β,and TNF-α,and western blot was used to determine the expression of colon tight junction pro-teins.Results Network pharmacology initially identi-fied 125 compounds in Lizhong decoction,5 186 drug target components,438 disease targets,and 60"drug-disease"shared targets.GO and KEGG enrichment a-nalysis showed that signaling pathways such as IL-17 and TNF were highly enriched.Molecular docking in-dicated that the core components of the drug had good binding activity with corresponding key targets.Liz-hong decoction could effectively improve the clinical symptoms of rats with cold-damp diarrhea,and com-pared with the DG group,the diarrhea rate,diarrhea in-dex,and other related indicators also gradually de-creased to normal levels.Compared with the DG group,the LZDG group showed reduced inflammation levels and a recovery in energy metabolism levels.Conclusion It can regulate targets such as MMP9 and IL-17 signaling pathways through multi-components like Calycosin and formononetin to exert its therapeutic effect on cold-damp diarrhea.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is a malignant lesion originating from the oral mucosal squamous epithelium,account-ing for over 80％of oral and maxillofacial malignancies.Key etiological factors include tobacco,alcohol abuse,and betel quid chewing.In China,its incidence has shown an overall upward trend,posing a significant threat to public health.OSCC exhibits high local invasive-ness,making early diagnosis critical for improving prognosis.Its clinical management requires close multidisciplinary collaboration among oral and maxillofacial surgery,head and neck surgery,radiation oncology,medical oncology,reconstructive surgery,radiology,patholo-gy,and nutritional support teams.Given the increasing disease burden of OSCC and rapid development of multidisciplinary collaborative models,an expert panel has formulated this integrated management consensus based on evidence-based medicine and extensive deliber-ation.Centered on the'Prevention-Screening-Diagnosis-Treatment-Rehabilitation'framework,the consensus provides comprehensive guidance for the entire disease course of OSCC patients,aiming to standardize clinical practice.

BACKGROUND:Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are involved in multiple injury repair processes,and the effects and the specific mechanisms of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury have not been fully elucidated.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the molecular mechanism of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in the treatment of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.METHODS:(1) Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were cultured and exosomes were obtained and identified using an exosome extraction kit.(2) The distribution of exosomes in the kidney of mice with renal ischemia/reperfusion injury was examined by intravital fluorescence imaging.(3) Thirty C57/BL6 male mice were divided into five groups according to the random number table method:sham operation group,renal ischemia/reperfusion group,sham operation group+Compound C group,renal ischemia/reperfusion+exosome group (exosome group),and renal ischemia/reperfusion+exosome+Compound C group (exosome+Compound C group),with 6 mice in each group.Except the sham operation group,bilateral renal pedicles were clamped for 45 minutes and a mouse model of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury was established after 24 hours of reperfusion.In sham operation+Compound C group and exosome+Compound C group,AMPK inhibitor Compound C was intraperitoneally injected 30 minutes before model establishment.In the exosome group and exosome+Copmpound C group,exosomes were injected through the tail vein 15 minutes before renal pedicle clipping.The levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen,interleukin 6,and tumor necrosis factor α in renal tissue,and the expression of apoptosis-related factors in renal tissue were detected after 24 hours of reperfusion in each group.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes had the typical tea tray morphology,with the diameter distribution in the range of 40-160 nm,and expressed the specific marker membrane protein of exosome surface.(2) Murine kidneys after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury were more likely to gather human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes compared with the sham operation group.(3) Exosome pretreatment reduced renal injury and the level of renal cell apoptosis in mice treated with renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.Moreover,this protective effect could be reversed by AMPK inhibitors.These findings verify that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes exerting a protective effect on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury may be related to the activation of the AMPK/YAP1 pathway to antiapoptosis.

This study was aimed at exploring the mechanism underlying the effects of nitidine chloride against Talaromyces marnef-fei through network pharmacology analysis.We collected NC and TM action targets from various databases;constructed a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network by using common drug and disease targets;and performed KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analy-ses.In vitro cellular experiments were conducted to test the antibacterial ability of NC at various concentrations,qPCR was used to de-tect the mRNA expression of genes in the target pathway,and WB was used to examine the expression of proteins associated with tar-get signaling pathways in cells.We identified 153 target genes for NC and 2 095 target genes for TM,among which 23 targets over-lapped.By integrating the PPI network with KEGG enrichment analysis,we selected key target genes in the MAPK signaling pathway,such as FLT1,FLT3,CD38,and PRF1.The CFU results indicated that NC had favorable antibacterial capability.Moreover,qPCR demonstrated that NC downregulated the mRNA expression of FLT1,FLT3,and RPS6KA3,and upregulated the mRNA expression of MAP3K8.WB findings indicated that NC downregulated the expression of RSK2,VEGF,and FLT3 proteins,and upregulated the ex-pression of MAP3K8 protein.NC may exert its anti-TM effects by downregulating the expression of RSK2,VEGF,and FLT3 proteins,thereby inhibiting MAPK pathway activation.The potential targets and signaling pathways underlying NC's anti-TM action may pro-vide new insights to guide the clinical application of NC.