As phagocytic innate immune cells,macrophages interact with various tissue types and play an important role in immune defense,inflam-matory response and tissue remodeling.Macro-phages participate in the occurrence and develop-ment of disease by polarizing into classically acti-vated M1 type and substitutively activated M2 type,or more complex phenotypes,when the tis-sue microenvironment changes.This paper focused on the application of macrophage polarization in cardiovascular diseases,and introduces macro-phage origin and activation to propose the relation-ship between macrophage polarization and cardio-vascular diseases.Then,the strategies for targeted macrophage therapy were proposed to provide an important theoretical basis for improving the in-flammatory state of cardiovascular diseases.

As phagocytic innate immune cells,macrophages interact with various tissue types and play an important role in immune defense,inflam-matory response and tissue remodeling.Macro-phages participate in the occurrence and develop-ment of disease by polarizing into classically acti-vated M1 type and substitutively activated M2 type,or more complex phenotypes,when the tis-sue microenvironment changes.This paper focused on the application of macrophage polarization in cardiovascular diseases,and introduces macro-phage origin and activation to propose the relation-ship between macrophage polarization and cardio-vascular diseases.Then,the strategies for targeted macrophage therapy were proposed to provide an important theoretical basis for improving the in-flammatory state of cardiovascular diseases.

Objective:To explore the coverage of influenza and pneumonia vaccination and factors influencing the vaccination in children.Methods:A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in children's parents in Beijing and Gansu by using two-stage cluster-sampling to investigate the influenza and pneumonia vaccination rates and influencing factors in children.Results:A total of 2 377 parents were included in the study, and the results indicated that the influenza vaccination coverage was 35.93% and the pneumonia vaccination coverage was 16.58% in children in survey areas, the vaccination rate of both vaccines was 11.65%. The top three reasons for vaccination for both vaccines were being aware of severity of the diseases (influenza vaccine: 36.02%; pneumonia vaccine: 49.61%), being required by school or organization (influenza vaccine: 28.76%; pneumonia vaccine: 25.45%) and being aware of the susceptibility of the diseases (influenza vaccine: 26.41%; pneumonia vaccine: 13.88%). The top three reasons for having no vaccinations were personal unwillingness, concern about vaccine and vaccine accessibility. Families with multi children, living in rural areas and lower family income were the negative factors for both types of vaccinations.Conclusions:The influenza and pneumonia vaccination coverage in children need further improvement, and rural families and families with multi children are the key concern groups for expanding vaccination coverage. Health education about influenza and pneumonia vaccinations, coordinating vaccine supply and decreasing vaccine prices play an important role in improving influenza and pneumonia vaccination coverage.

Objective:To investigate the effects of baicalein combined with 5-FU on the proliferation, apoptosis and migration of small cell lung cancer H466 cells, and further to explore its sensitization mechanism.Methods:H466 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into blank control group, baicalein single treatment group, 5-FU single treatment group and combined treatment group. CCK-8 experiment was used to detect cell survival rate in each group; Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and changes in ROS levels; Western blot was used to detect changes in the protein expression of the MAPK pathway.Results:CCK-8 results showed that the survival rates of the four groups of cells after 24 h treatment were 114.3% ± 2.8%, 79.8% ± 3.4%, 57.6% ± 1.8%, and 40.3% ± 2.7%. Compared with the other three groups, the combined treatment group had stronger inhibitory effect on the proliferation of H446 cells, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.001) . The proportion of apoptotic H446 cells in the combined treatment group was 49.2%±3.8%, which was significantly different from 33.9%±4.3% in the 5-FU single treatment group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.001) . The inhibition rate of H446 cell migration in the combined treatment group was higher than that in the 5-FU single treatment group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P <0.001) . Combined treatment of baicalein and 5-FU can up-regulate ROS levels in H446 cells, thereby regulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusion:The combined use of baicalein and 5-FU can increase the level of ROS in lung cancer H446 cells, activate the JNK and p38 signaling pathways, inhibit the ERK signaling pathway, and enhance 5-FU's proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction and migration inhibition effects on H446 cells, which provides a certain experimental basis for the application of baicalein in small cell lung cancer.

Objective:To study the effect of hyperbaric oxygen（HBO）combined with vinorelbine（NVB）on the sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells，and to explore its mechanism.Methods:After the completion of culture，A549 cells were divided into four groups：blank group，HBO group，NVB group，and HBO+NVB group，with no treatment，0.2 MPa HBO treatment，IC 50 NVB treatment，and 0.2 MPa HBO + IC 50 NVB treatment，respectively. Cell Counting Kit-8（CCK-8）assay was used to detect the cell prolife-ration. Flow cytometry was adopted to detect cell apoptosis. Transwell experiment was used to detect cell migration. And Western blotting was used to detect the expression changes of A549 cell-related proteins. Results:The IC 50 value of NVB on A549 cells was 13.68 μmol/L. The inhibitory rates were 0，4.1%，46.60%，and 68.40% in the blank，HBO，NVB，and HBO+NVB groups，respectively，and the rate in the HBO+NVB group was significantly higher than those in the other three groups（ P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The apoptotic rates were 3.99%，7.63%，36.92%，and 56.49% in the blank，HBO，NVB，and HBO+NVB groups，respectively，and the rate in the HBO+NVB group was significantly higher than those in the other three groups（ P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Compared with the other three groups，the expression level of Bcl-2 in A549 cells in the HBO+NVB group was decreased，while the expression levels of Bad and Caspase-3 were increased（ P<0.01）. The percentages of cells inhibited from migrating in each group were 0，8.90%，42.20%，and 59.40%，respectively，and the HBO+NVB group had the lowest cell migration rate compared with the other three groups（ P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Compared with the other three groups，the expression level of E-Cadherin in the HBO+NVB group was increased，while the expression levels of N-Cadherin，P-glycoprotein（P-gp），and Multidrug resistance protein（MRP）were significantly decreased（ P<0.01）. Conclusion:HBO can increase the sensitivity of A549 cells to NVB by regulating the proteins related to drug resistance，cell migration，and cell apoptosis.

Objective:To study the effect of hyperbaric oxygen（HBO）combined with vinorelbine（NVB）on the sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells，and to explore its mechanism.Methods:After the completion of culture，A549 cells were divided into four groups：blank group，HBO group，NVB group，and HBO+NVB group，with no treatment，0.2 MPa HBO treatment，IC 50 NVB treatment，and 0.2 MPa HBO + IC 50 NVB treatment，respectively. Cell Counting Kit-8（CCK-8）assay was used to detect the cell prolife-ration. Flow cytometry was adopted to detect cell apoptosis. Transwell experiment was used to detect cell migration. And Western blotting was used to detect the expression changes of A549 cell-related proteins. Results:The IC 50 value of NVB on A549 cells was 13.68 μmol/L. The inhibitory rates were 0，4.1%，46.60%，and 68.40% in the blank，HBO，NVB，and HBO+NVB groups，respectively，and the rate in the HBO+NVB group was significantly higher than those in the other three groups（ P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The apoptotic rates were 3.99%，7.63%，36.92%，and 56.49% in the blank，HBO，NVB，and HBO+NVB groups，respectively，and the rate in the HBO+NVB group was significantly higher than those in the other three groups（ P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Compared with the other three groups，the expression level of Bcl-2 in A549 cells in the HBO+NVB group was decreased，while the expression levels of Bad and Caspase-3 were increased（ P<0.01）. The percentages of cells inhibited from migrating in each group were 0，8.90%，42.20%，and 59.40%，respectively，and the HBO+NVB group had the lowest cell migration rate compared with the other three groups（ P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Compared with the other three groups，the expression level of E-Cadherin in the HBO+NVB group was increased，while the expression levels of N-Cadherin，P-glycoprotein（P-gp），and Multidrug resistance protein（MRP）were significantly decreased（ P<0.01）. Conclusion:HBO can increase the sensitivity of A549 cells to NVB by regulating the proteins related to drug resistance，cell migration，and cell apoptosis.

Combined vaccines contain two or more antigens. Research suggested that combined vaccines could prevent multi diseases and reduce the frequency of vaccination. This article focus on combined vaccines for children used both at home and abroad, such as diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine (DTaP), measles-rubella-mumps vaccine (MMR), etc. and summarizes their immunogenicity, safety and social values, including benefits to families, vaccination workers and health services, to provide evidence for promoting the research, development and use of combined vaccines in China. We found that combined vaccines can not only ensure the immunogenicity and safety, but also give convenient and lower cost vaccination to families, and using combined vaccines can improve the work efficiency of vaccination workers, reduce the impact of the epidemic on immunization services and improve vaccination coverage and timeliness. At present, the promotion of combined vaccines in China is restricted by many technical bottlenecks, high prices, and low awareness among people. It is recommended that research on the safety, effectiveness and health economics of combined vaccines should be strengthened, and the value of combined vaccines should be scientifically evaluated; the public's awareness and trust in combined vaccines should be enhanced, as well as the development and application of multi-linked multivalent vaccines should be promoted. The government should improve regulations to assist the development and application of combined vaccines.

Human challenge trial (HCT) is a test in which human volunteers are intentionally infected with pathogens in order to evaluate the efficacy of candidate preventive or therapeutic drugs. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the HCT of vaccines has aroused people's attention due to its significant advantages over clinical trial. This paper introduces the concept, development and application of HCT, the advantages and limitations of HCT for vaccine evaluation, and the consideration of future HCT of COVID-19 vaccine in China.

Objective:To investigate the incidence and determinants of vaccine hesitancy towards national immunization program in China and understand the current status of parents' hesitancy to different vaccines used in national immunization program.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Beijing, Sichuan and Gansu. The methods of proportional probability sampling and convenience sampling were used to select the eligible study subjects for questionnaire surveys.Results:A total of 3 592 parents were enrolled in the study, in whom 38.22% fully accepted all the vaccines, 59.35% agreed to let their children to receive all the vaccines but showed slight concern, and 2.42% had hesitancy to the vaccines. The vaccine with the most hesitancy was polio vaccine (0.89%), followed by diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine (0.70%) and hepatitis A vaccine (0.64%). The dominant reason for vaccine hesitancy was the risk-benefit perception of vaccination (31.03%), followed by the low awareness of the parents (21.84%) and the inconvenience caused by distance and time (21.84%).Conclusions:The incidence of vaccine hesitancy towards national immunization program was low in parents in China, but over 50% of the parents showed concern to the vaccines. It is essential to improve the service quality of national immunization program and strengthen the health education about the vaccination to reduce the incidence of vaccine hesitancy in parents.