Background::Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous and complex reproductive endocrinological disease that could lead to infertility. There were many attempts to classify PCOS but it remains unclear whether there is a specific subgroup of PCOS that is associated with the best or worst reproductive outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques (ART).Methods::Infertile PCOS patients who underwent their first cycle of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University from January 2019 to December 2021 were included. Basic clinical and laboratory information of each individual were extracted. Unsupervised cluster analysis was performed. Controlled ovarian stimulation parameters and reproductive outcomes were collected and compared between the different clusters of PCOS. Results::Our analysis clustered women with PCOS into "reproductive", "metabolic", and "balanced" clusters based on nine traits. Reproductive group was characterized by high levels of testosterone (T), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), follicular stimulation hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Metabolic group was characterized by high levels of body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin, and fasting glucose. Balanced group was characterized by low levels of the aforementioned reproductive and metabolic parameters, except for SHBG. Compared with PCOS patients in reproductive and balanced clusters, those in metabolic cluster had lower rates of good quality day 3 embryo and blastocyst formation. Moreover, PCOS patients in the reproductive cluster had greater fresh embryo transfer (ET) cancelation rate and clinical pregnancy rate after fresh ET than metabolic cluster (odds ratio [OR] = 3.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.77-6.44, and OR = 6.19, 95% CI: 1.58-24.24, respectively). And compared with PCOS of metabolic cluster, PCOS of balanced cluster also had higher chance for fresh ET cancelation (OR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.26-6.35).Conclusion::Our study suggested that PCOS patients in metabolic cluster may be associated with adverse reproductive outcomes and might need individualized treatment and careful monitoring before and during ART.

3D bioprinting technology is a rapidly developing technique that employs bioinks containing biological materials and living cells to construct biomedical products. However, 3D-printed tissues are static, while human tissues are in real-time dynamic states that can change in morphology and performance. To improve the compatibility between in vitro and in vivo environments, an in vitro tissue engineering technique that simulates this dynamic process is required. The concept of 4D printing, which combines "3D printing + time" provides a new approach to achieving this complex technique. 4D printing involves applying one or more smart materials that respond to stimuli, enabling them to change their shape, performance, and function under the corresponding stimulus to meet various needs. This article focuses on the latest research progress and potential application areas of 4D printing technology in the cardiovascular system, providing a theoretical and practical reference for the development of this technology.
Humans ; Tissue Engineering/methods* ; Bioprinting/methods* ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Cardiovascular System ; Tissue Scaffolds

Objective:To observe the attention processing characteristics of the pilots experiencing black hole illusion, and to provide quantitative data references for flight simulation training guided by eye movement fixation based on the eye movement mode of the pilots with high flight performance score.Methods:The pilots who underwent the transformation training were selected by cluster sampling. Their original flight performance scores were converted into percentile grades. The top 10 and bottom 10 pilots were assigned as high and low score groups. Their eye movement data were recorded when they were completing the night approach and landing task on the flight illusion simulator. The correlation between eye movement data and flight performance in the simulation task were analyzed, and the eye movement patterns of pilots with different flight performance were compared.Results:Thirty-six valid subjects were selected. A total of 12 eye movement indexes were correlated with flight performance ( r=0.334-0.398, all P<0.05). Three eye movement indexes, including peak velocity of exit saccade from attitude indicator of head-up display (HUD), the percentage of total duration of fixations on airspeed indicator of HUD to the total task duration and average duration of whole fixations on attitude indicator could establish a linear regression model with flight performance ( R2=0.422, F=7.77, P<0.001). The percentage of total duration of whole fixations on airspeed indicator of HUD to the total task duration in high score group [(4.38±3.48)%] was higher than that in low score group [(1.72±1.32)%], and the difference was statistically significant ( t=2.25, P=0.045). And the average peak velocity of exit saccade from attitude indicator of HUD in high score group [(358.85±171.40)°/s] was higher than that in low score group [(221.14±92.60)°/s], and the difference was statistically significant ( t=2.24, P=0.038). Conclusions:Eye movement index in the night approach and landing task can be used as an evaluation index of attention ability of pilots in black hole illusion simulation and experience task.

Objective:To observe the attention processing characteristics of the pilots experiencing black hole illusion, and to provide quantitative data references for flight simulation training guided by eye movement fixation based on the eye movement mode of the pilots with high flight performance score.Methods:The pilots who underwent the transformation training were selected by cluster sampling. Their original flight performance scores were converted into percentile grades. The top 10 and bottom 10 pilots were assigned as high and low score groups. Their eye movement data were recorded when they were completing the night approach and landing task on the flight illusion simulator. The correlation between eye movement data and flight performance in the simulation task were analyzed, and the eye movement patterns of pilots with different flight performance were compared.Results:Thirty-six valid subjects were selected. A total of 12 eye movement indexes were correlated with flight performance ( r=0.334-0.398, all P<0.05). Three eye movement indexes, including peak velocity of exit saccade from attitude indicator of head-up display (HUD), the percentage of total duration of fixations on airspeed indicator of HUD to the total task duration and average duration of whole fixations on attitude indicator could establish a linear regression model with flight performance ( R2=0.422, F=7.77, P<0.001). The percentage of total duration of whole fixations on airspeed indicator of HUD to the total task duration in high score group [(4.38±3.48)%] was higher than that in low score group [(1.72±1.32)%], and the difference was statistically significant ( t=2.25, P=0.045). And the average peak velocity of exit saccade from attitude indicator of HUD in high score group [(358.85±171.40)°/s] was higher than that in low score group [(221.14±92.60)°/s], and the difference was statistically significant ( t=2.24, P=0.038). Conclusions:Eye movement index in the night approach and landing task can be used as an evaluation index of attention ability of pilots in black hole illusion simulation and experience task.