This is the first case of virus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy in which the pathogen was Hantaan virus. A 53-yr-old man presented fever, renal failure and a hemorrhagic tendency and he was diagnosed with hemorrhagic fever with renal failure syndrome (HFRS). In the course of his illness, mild neurologic symptoms such as dizziness and confusion developed and magnetic resonance images revealed a reversible lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum. This case suggests that HFRS patients with neurologic symptoms like dizziness and mental slowing should be considered to have structural brain lesions and to require brain imaging studies.
Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Corpus Callosum/*pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hantaan virus/immunology ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/*diagnosis/therapy ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Platelet Count ; Renal Dialysis

The regulation mechanism of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes is a very complex procedure and is dependent on cell types and virus species. We observed molecular changes related to anti-viral responses in endothelial cells during Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection. We found that there are two patterns of gene expression, the first pattern of gene expression being characterized by early induction and short action, as in that of type I IFNs,' and the other being characterized by delayed induction and long duration, as those of IRF-7, MxA, and TAP-1/2. Even though there are significant differences in their induction folds, we found that all of IFN-alpha/beta , IRF- 3/7, MxA, and TAP-1/2 mRNA expressions reached the peak when the viral replication was most active, which took place 3 days of post infection (d.p.i.). In addition, an interesting phenomenon was observed; only one gene was highly expressed in paired genes such as IFN-alpha/beta??(3/277-folds), IRF-3/7 (2.2/29.4-folds), and TAP- 1/2 (26.2/6.1-folds). Therefore, IFN-beta, IRF-7, and TAP-1 seem to be more important for the anti-viral response in HTNV infection. MxA was increased to 296-folds at 3 d.p.i. and kept continuing 207-folds until 7 d.p.i.. The above results indicate that IFN-beta works for an early anti-viral response, while IRF7, MxA, and TAP-1 work for prolonged anti-viral response in HTNV infection.
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*genetics ; Blotting, Western ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism/*virology ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Hantaan virus/*immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/analysis ; Humans ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/genetics ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/*genetics ; Interferons/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/analysis

OBJECTIVESTo develop and evaluate a method for detection of the total antibodies against hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) virus with improved sensitivity and simplified operation procedure.

METHODSThe nucleic proteins of hantavirus were used as coating antigens as well as detection antigens labeled with horse radish peroxidase (HRP). The operation protocol was established, optimized and compared with indirect fluorescence assay (IFA).

RESULTSThe specificity of this method was 100 percent in the test of different human sera and 4-8 times more sensitive than IFA. And, it is simpler without requiring any change of the reagents, different sources of samples did not affect the results of the test.

CONCLUSIONThis method is specific, sensitive and simple for detection of the total antibodies in sera against hantavirus, could be used for the screening of Hantavirus infection in human and host rodent animals.

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; methods ; Hantaan virus ; immunology ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo identify and characterize the epitope associated with the virus attachment protein (VAP) of hantaan virus.

METHODSThe monoclonal antibody 3G1 was used as the ligand to biospan from a phage-displayed 12-amino acid peptide library, then the positive phage clones were chosen and sequenced. The amino acid sequences of them were compared with that of hantaan virus G2 in homology. The characteristics of positive phage were studied by IFA and ELISA. A decapeptide combining to cell membrane was observed under laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM).

RESULTSThe conservative motif PX(1-2) HX(0-2) H displaying on positive clones shared homologous amino acid sequence with G2 96YPWHTAKCHY105.

CONCLUSIONG2 96YPWHTAKCHY105 might play some roles in virus binding to host cell, and might be a possible key epitope of hantaan virus VAP.

Animals ; CHO Cells ; Cell Membrane ; metabolism ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epitopes ; immunology ; metabolism ; Hantaan virus ; immunology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Oligopeptides ; immunology ; metabolism ; Peptide Library ; Vero Cells ; Viral Proteins ; immunology ; metabolism

Adult ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Cells, Cultured ; Cricetinae ; Hantaan virus ; immunology ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Immunization ; Infant ; Kidney ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo establish a new and efficient method(IEDA) for detection of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus (HFRSV) antigen.

METHODSAn immune enzyme dot assay (IEDA) with mixture of three sorts anti-HFRSV-IgG, which was obtained from rabbit vaccinated with EHFV R22, Chen and Hubei strain was employed to detect HFRSV antigen in serum and urine from epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) patients, and compared with indirect immune fluorescence assay (I-IFA), 76 serum samples and 40 urine samples were detected in this study.

RESULTSThe results showed that the total positive rate of HFRSV antigen detected by IEDA was 73.68% in serum and 65.00% in urine, while that detected by I-IFA was 75.00% and 70.00%, respectively. The positive rate in primary phase (within 5 days) of HFRSV antigen detected by IEDA was 94.34% in serum and 83.33% in urine, while that detected by I-IFA was 64.42% and 55.56%, respectively, there was significant difference in both serum and urine detections. Correlation study showed a high correlation in the result of IEDA and I-IFA.

CONCLUSIONThe results of this study suggested that the IEDA, as compared with I-IFA, was a more specific, sensitive, rapid and simple method with higher positive rate in primary phase. IEDA could be widely used for early diagnosis of HFRS in hospital at grassroots level.

Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; immunology ; Antigens, Viral ; analysis ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Hantaan virus ; immunology ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; diagnosis ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; methods ; Immunoglobulin G ; immunology ; Male ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo observe the serological and epidemiological efficacy of hemorrhagic fever renal syndrome (HFRS) vaccine in Zhejiang province.

METHODSImmunofluorescent antibody assay and Mcro-CPE method were used to test specific IgG antibody and the titer of neutralizing antibody.

RESULTSTwo weeks after the injection of the third dose, the sero-conversion rates by both immunofluorescent antibody test (IgG) and neutralization test were 100.0% (67/67) (95% CI: 96.3 - 100.0) and 44.4% (8/18)(95% CI: 22.0 - 69.0) with geometric mean titers (GMTs) 72.1 and 4.6 respectively. The rates of seroconversion of immunofluorescent antibody by immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) were 28.6%, 83.3%, 75.0%, 53.1%, 22.6%, 10.0% and 55.0% before reinforcement, two weeks, one year, one year and a half years, two years, three years and five years after reinforcement. The rates of neutralizing antibody seroconversion by the Mcro-CPE method were found as 14.8%, 55.6%, 35.0%, 31.3%, 26.0%, 10.0% and 50.0% respectively. We found some antibody dependent immunization enhancement phenomenon among the inoculated population, but further observation was needed.

CONCLUSIONHFRS vaccine was immunologically effective and the duration of serous antibody last long.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; China ; epidemiology ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Hantaan virus ; immunology ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Immunization Schedule ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neutralization Tests ; Vaccination ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo summarize and analyze the epidemic situation of hantaviruses including geographic distribution, types and prevalent intensity of epidemic areas of hantavirus for the last 30 years in China, and to discuss relative preventive measures.

METHODSCollecting and analyzing the data of hantaviruses epidemics in China.

RESULTSThe annual number of cases of hantavirus disease rapidly increased from 3295 in 1970 to 115,804 in 1986 then sustained between 40,000 and 60,000 cases annually in the 1990's, and then decreased thereafter. The epidemic areas existed in all provinces except Qinhai and Xinjiang and there were the hospitalized cases of hantavirus disease reported in other provinces. In recent years, the prevalence of hantavirus infection had increased in some cities, and the seasonal distribution of the cases changed as well.

CONCLUSIONData suggested that the new epidemic characteristics of hantaviruses had emerged in China suggesting that it was necessary to strengthen surveillance programs and to take comprehensive preventive measures for the control and prevention of hantaviruses in China.

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Female ; Hantaan virus ; immunology ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Population Surveillance ; Prevalence ; Rats ; Rodent Control ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo explore the relations between different areas on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Guizhou.

METHODSVarious forms of infectious areas were surveyed continuously through epidemiologic surveillance system.

RESULTSIn fixed areas under surveillance system, the mean positive rate of HFRSV among Apodemus agrarius was 3.39%, comparing with Rattus norvegicus 1.61% in Apodemus infectious areas of Zunyi county, 3.19% in Rattus norvegicus, but no HFRSV of Apodemus agrarius was identified in Rattus infectious area of Shiqian county. Both Apodemus and Rattus infectious areas were relatively stabilized. In both banks of Luowang river, Kaiyang county, which had been identified as areas of infections for Apodemus in the eastern part, Rattus infectious area in the west, slow change was noticed. In 1983 - 1984 was not found in Apodemus agrarius HFRSV, however the infectious rate of HFRSV in Apodemus agrarius was 13.85% (Ag 1/65, Ab 8/65) in the western part of the province in 1995 - 1998.

CONCLUSIONBoth Apodemus and Rattus infectious areas were stabilized but changed slowly. Mixed type and the result of mutual penetration were noticed.

Animals ; Antigens, Viral ; blood ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Female ; Hantaan virus ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; epidemiology ; transmission ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Muridae ; virology ; Rats ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Time Factors

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Hantaan virus ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology