This paper analyzes, from an intellectual-historical perspective, how Lamarckism and the concept of phylogenesis functioned within metapsychological neurosis theory, focusing on Freud’s unpublished manuscript A Phylogenetic Fantasy (circa 1915).Originally conceived as a metapsychological draft titled Overview of the Transference Neuroses, the manuscript compares thetransference neuroses in its first half, then introduces phylogenetic hypotheses in a limited way under the designation of “fantasy,” mediated by the problem of “disposition” in its second half. Focusing on this juncture, this paper reconstructs the context in which phylogenetic speculation emerged as a hypothetical layer for addressing explanatory difficulties arising from ontogenesis-centered frameworks, and examines how its variations shift into the narrative modes of Totem and Taboo and Moses and Monothe-ism. Furthermore, through comparison with contemporary evolutionary anthropology, gene-culture coevolution theory, and epi-genetics, this paper discusses the conditions under which the problem of “transmission” that Freud sought to capture in thelanguage of biology might be redescribed in alternative conceptual terms. In conclusion, rather than choosing between defendingor discarding Lamarckism, this paper presents, within the intellectual history of psychoanalysis, the significance of the very ten-sion through which phylogenetic thinking was both invoked and suspended.

This article re-examines Freud’s unpublished draft, A Phylogenetic Fantasy, as an attempt to locate anxiety and neurosis at the level of human phylogeny and offers a reinterpretation within contemporary evolutionary psychiatry. Primary sources, including A Phylogenetic Fantasy and related metapsychological papers, were critically reviewed together with key secondary literature on Freud’s evolutionary thinking. Freud’s analysis of the six factors of the transference neuroses, his Ice Age hypothesis on sexuality and reproductive strategy, and the narrative of the primal horde and primal father were reconstructed and compared with recent work on epigenetics, the Baldwin effect, gene culture coevolution, and the social brain. Freud’s phylogenetic model, although grounded in Lamarckism and speculative anthropology, anticipates several core themes in evolutionary psychiatry by linking transference and narcissistic neuroses to species-level dispositions, developmental stages, and age of onset. Concepts such as phylogenetic memory and disposition are reconceptualized as multilayered vulnerabilities arising from the interactions among genetic predispositions, epigenetic tuning of stress systems, developmental trajectories, and the cultural transmission of narratives regarding danger, guilt, authority, and kinship. A Phylogenetic Fantasy is presented not as a testable etiological theory but as a thought experiment that foreshadows the central questions of evolutionary psychiatry regarding the vulnerabilities of the human mind. This review suggests that anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive and related disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and mood disorders can be reconsidered within an evolutionary vulnerability stress framework that considers the developmental timing and the longterm ecological and social histories.

This study examines the changes in attractiveness and social perception of mask wearers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Before COVID-19, masks were seen as a sign of infection, decreasing the wearer’s attractiveness.However, with the widespread normalization of mask-wearing during the pandemic, the perception mechanisms have become more complex. The attractiveness and social perception of mask wearers now vary based on factorssuch as the wearer’s baseline attractiveness, race, and attitudes toward masks. Consequently, research findings onperception changes due to mask-wearing have been inconsistent. This inconsistency is due to the lack of standardized experimental methods and the failure to account for individual differences among participants, as wellas insufficient theoretical background in the studies. From a psychiatric perspective, it is essential to formulateand test new hypotheses centered around the psychological mechanisms related to the human behavioral immune system when studying attractiveness perception during a pandemic. Notably, attention should be given to howdifferences in the activation of individuals’ behavioral immune systems influence perceptions of mask wearers.Understanding these dynamics can provide crucial insights into how social perceptions and aversions impact mental health, thereby shedding light on various psychiatric issues that arise during infectious disease outbreaks.

This study examines the changes in attractiveness and social perception of mask wearers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Before COVID-19, masks were seen as a sign of infection, decreasing the wearer’s attractiveness.However, with the widespread normalization of mask-wearing during the pandemic, the perception mechanisms have become more complex. The attractiveness and social perception of mask wearers now vary based on factorssuch as the wearer’s baseline attractiveness, race, and attitudes toward masks. Consequently, research findings onperception changes due to mask-wearing have been inconsistent. This inconsistency is due to the lack of standardized experimental methods and the failure to account for individual differences among participants, as wellas insufficient theoretical background in the studies. From a psychiatric perspective, it is essential to formulateand test new hypotheses centered around the psychological mechanisms related to the human behavioral immune system when studying attractiveness perception during a pandemic. Notably, attention should be given to howdifferences in the activation of individuals’ behavioral immune systems influence perceptions of mask wearers.Understanding these dynamics can provide crucial insights into how social perceptions and aversions impact mental health, thereby shedding light on various psychiatric issues that arise during infectious disease outbreaks.

This study examines the changes in attractiveness and social perception of mask wearers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Before COVID-19, masks were seen as a sign of infection, decreasing the wearer’s attractiveness.However, with the widespread normalization of mask-wearing during the pandemic, the perception mechanisms have become more complex. The attractiveness and social perception of mask wearers now vary based on factorssuch as the wearer’s baseline attractiveness, race, and attitudes toward masks. Consequently, research findings onperception changes due to mask-wearing have been inconsistent. This inconsistency is due to the lack of standardized experimental methods and the failure to account for individual differences among participants, as wellas insufficient theoretical background in the studies. From a psychiatric perspective, it is essential to formulateand test new hypotheses centered around the psychological mechanisms related to the human behavioral immune system when studying attractiveness perception during a pandemic. Notably, attention should be given to howdifferences in the activation of individuals’ behavioral immune systems influence perceptions of mask wearers.Understanding these dynamics can provide crucial insights into how social perceptions and aversions impact mental health, thereby shedding light on various psychiatric issues that arise during infectious disease outbreaks.

This study examines the changes in attractiveness and social perception of mask wearers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Before COVID-19, masks were seen as a sign of infection, decreasing the wearer’s attractiveness.However, with the widespread normalization of mask-wearing during the pandemic, the perception mechanisms have become more complex. The attractiveness and social perception of mask wearers now vary based on factorssuch as the wearer’s baseline attractiveness, race, and attitudes toward masks. Consequently, research findings onperception changes due to mask-wearing have been inconsistent. This inconsistency is due to the lack of standardized experimental methods and the failure to account for individual differences among participants, as wellas insufficient theoretical background in the studies. From a psychiatric perspective, it is essential to formulateand test new hypotheses centered around the psychological mechanisms related to the human behavioral immune system when studying attractiveness perception during a pandemic. Notably, attention should be given to howdifferences in the activation of individuals’ behavioral immune systems influence perceptions of mask wearers.Understanding these dynamics can provide crucial insights into how social perceptions and aversions impact mental health, thereby shedding light on various psychiatric issues that arise during infectious disease outbreaks.

This study examines the changes in attractiveness and social perception of mask wearers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Before COVID-19, masks were seen as a sign of infection, decreasing the wearer’s attractiveness.However, with the widespread normalization of mask-wearing during the pandemic, the perception mechanisms have become more complex. The attractiveness and social perception of mask wearers now vary based on factorssuch as the wearer’s baseline attractiveness, race, and attitudes toward masks. Consequently, research findings onperception changes due to mask-wearing have been inconsistent. This inconsistency is due to the lack of standardized experimental methods and the failure to account for individual differences among participants, as wellas insufficient theoretical background in the studies. From a psychiatric perspective, it is essential to formulateand test new hypotheses centered around the psychological mechanisms related to the human behavioral immune system when studying attractiveness perception during a pandemic. Notably, attention should be given to howdifferences in the activation of individuals’ behavioral immune systems influence perceptions of mask wearers.Understanding these dynamics can provide crucial insights into how social perceptions and aversions impact mental health, thereby shedding light on various psychiatric issues that arise during infectious disease outbreaks.

With the development of the attachment theory and perinatal psychiatry, the joint admission of the mother and her baby in hospitals began in the 1950s, and this has developed into the establishment of specialized Mother-Baby Units (MBUs). MBUs were operated mainly in the United Kingdom and France. Subsequently, the concept gradually expanded to Belgium, Australia, and the United States, and recently, it is also spreading to Hungary, Sri Lanka, and India. The MBU is a specialized inpatient ward that operates 24 hours a day and comprises multidisciplinary personnel who can give specialized care to mothers with mental illnesses and their babies. Various psychosocial interventions, as well as pharmacotherapy, are used to achieve the MBU’s goal. These include a secure attachment bond between a mother and her baby and psychiatric care for the mother’s mental problems. According to most previous studies about MBU, the outcomes relating to clinical symptoms and the mother-baby interaction have been promising. Currently, there is no MBU in South Korea even though the obvious benefits have been identified. Further studies for the establishment of MBUs in our clinical environment are desperately and urgently needed.

Since suicide ends the life of the individual, it is difficult for suicidal behavior to evolve. All humans are prone to suicide, however. In addition to being a human idea, it is ubiquitous across cultures. The high inheritability of suicidal behavior suggests that suicide does not only occur following a trauma that is socio-cultural in nature. In the past, a number of psychological, social, cultural, biological, and psychiatric explanations have attempted to explain the causes and mechanisms of suicidal behavior, but none of these explanations resolved its evolutionary puzzle. Several genetic approaches are discussed in this paper regarding the evolution of suicidal behavior. These approaches include mutation-selection balance, genetic drift, neutral evolution, balancing selection, and directional selection. A previous discussion detailed the inclusive fitness hypothesis and the by-product hypothesis. Taking them all together, suicide might be one of the by-products of the evolution of Homo sapiens. Also, the differences in suicide-related epidemiology between men and women are likely due to balancing selection, more specifically, sexually antagonistic selection. Hopefully, in the future, evolutionary simulation models and empirical data on suicide’s evolution may shed some light on some of these evolutionary explanations.

Objectives: In regard to the social competition hypothesis, depression is viewed as an involuntary defeat strategy. A previous study has demonstrated that adaptation in microenvironments can result in a wide range of behavioural patterns including defense activation disorders. Using a simulation model with evolutionary ecological agents, we explore how the fitness of various defence activation traits has changed over time in different environments with high and low social mobility. Methods: The Evolutionary Ecological Model of Defence Activation Disorder, which is based on the Marginal Value Theorem, was used to examine changes in relative fitness for individuals with defensive activation disorders after adjusting for social mobility. Results: Our study examined the effects of social mobility on fitness by varying the d-values, a measure of depression in the model.With a decline in social mobility, the level of fitness of individuals with high levels of defense activation decreased. We gained insight into the evolutionary influence of varying levels of social mobility on individuals’ degrees of depression. In the context of a highly stratified society, the results support a mismatch hypothesis which states that high levels of defence are detrimental. Conclusions Despite the fact that niche specialization in habitats composed of multiple microenvironments can result in diverse levels of defensive activation being evolutionary strategies for stability, decreased social mobility may lead to a decrease in fitness of individuals with highly activated defence modules. There may be a reason behind the epidemic of depression in modern society.