Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pertussis cases identified through active surveillance.Methods:Active surveillance for pertussis was conducted in three sentinel hospitals in Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, and Yongcheng, Henan Province. The study population included cases that met the surveillance case definition and sought medical care at outpatient/emergency departments or were hospitalized between June 1, 2021, and May 31, 2022. Samples were collected for bacterial culture and PCR detection. Case information and clinical data were collected. Differences in rates were assessed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability test, and the differences in cough time were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results:Among 1 423 cases of pertussis surveillance, the positive rate of pertussis was 28.11% (400/1 423), with a median age of 5 years (interquartile range: 2, 8). The positive rate in Yongcheng, Henan Province, and Yiwu, Zhejiang Province were 39.27% (216/550) and 21.08% (184/873), respectively; the positive rate of pertussis was highest in July 2021, and the highest positive rate of pertussis was among those aged 10-14. The positive rate of pertussis in hospitalized cases was higher than in outpatient/emergency cases (26.68%) ( χ2=4.16, P=0.041). Among the 400 laboratory test-positive cases, the highest proportion of atypical symptom cases was in adults aged 20-59 (43.33%, 13/30). The specificity rates of apnea and worsening nocturnal cough in monitored cases under 3 months of age were 100.00% and 73.81%, respectively. Among monitored cases aged 3 months to 9 years, the proportions of symptoms including worsening nighttime cough (63.00%) and night sweats (4.59%) in test-positive cases were significantly higher than those in the test-negative group (47.77% and 0.56%, respectively), with statistically significant differences (both P<0.05). The specificity rates of worsened nighttime coughing and night sweats were 52.23% and 99.44%, respectively. Conclusions:The active surveillance results for pertussis showed that the 10-14 age group exhibited the highest positivity rate. Active surveillance enhanced the detection rate of pertussis. Among laboratory-confirmed cases, the proportion of atypical symptoms was the highest in adults, suggesting that laboratory testing should be combined to diagnose programs of pertussis. For infants under 3 months, worsening nighttime cough and apnea increase the diagnostic specificity, while for individuals aged 3 to 9 years old, worsening nighttime cough and night sweats increase the diagnostic specificity.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pertussis cases identified through active surveillance.Methods:Active surveillance for pertussis was conducted in three sentinel hospitals in Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, and Yongcheng, Henan Province. The study population included cases that met the surveillance case definition and sought medical care at outpatient/emergency departments or were hospitalized between June 1, 2021, and May 31, 2022. Samples were collected for bacterial culture and PCR detection. Case information and clinical data were collected. Differences in rates were assessed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability test, and the differences in cough time were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results:Among 1 423 cases of pertussis surveillance, the positive rate of pertussis was 28.11% (400/1 423), with a median age of 5 years (interquartile range: 2, 8). The positive rate in Yongcheng, Henan Province, and Yiwu, Zhejiang Province were 39.27% (216/550) and 21.08% (184/873), respectively; the positive rate of pertussis was highest in July 2021, and the highest positive rate of pertussis was among those aged 10-14. The positive rate of pertussis in hospitalized cases was higher than in outpatient/emergency cases (26.68%) ( χ2=4.16, P=0.041). Among the 400 laboratory test-positive cases, the highest proportion of atypical symptom cases was in adults aged 20-59 (43.33%, 13/30). The specificity rates of apnea and worsening nocturnal cough in monitored cases under 3 months of age were 100.00% and 73.81%, respectively. Among monitored cases aged 3 months to 9 years, the proportions of symptoms including worsening nighttime cough (63.00%) and night sweats (4.59%) in test-positive cases were significantly higher than those in the test-negative group (47.77% and 0.56%, respectively), with statistically significant differences (both P<0.05). The specificity rates of worsened nighttime coughing and night sweats were 52.23% and 99.44%, respectively. Conclusions:The active surveillance results for pertussis showed that the 10-14 age group exhibited the highest positivity rate. Active surveillance enhanced the detection rate of pertussis. Among laboratory-confirmed cases, the proportion of atypical symptoms was the highest in adults, suggesting that laboratory testing should be combined to diagnose programs of pertussis. For infants under 3 months, worsening nighttime cough and apnea increase the diagnostic specificity, while for individuals aged 3 to 9 years old, worsening nighttime cough and night sweats increase the diagnostic specificity.

Tumor-targeted therapy is a vital approach in precision medicine,selection of target molecule is a key element in tumor-targeted therapy.B7-H3(CD276),as an immune checkpoint molecule selectively highly expressed on tumor cells,is a crucial molecule involved in regulation of tumor immunity.Numerous recent studies have found that B7-H3,in addition to its immune check-point function,also participates in regulation of malignant biological behaviors of tumor cells and is considered to have great potential as a pan-cancer universal drug target.Current immunotherapeutic strategies targeting B7-H3 primarily include development of block-ing monoclonal antibodies(Blocking mAb),antibody-drug conjugate(ADC),chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T/NK cell therapies,monoclonal antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity(ADCC)drugs,radionuclide drug conjugates(RDC),bispecific/trispecific anti-body(BsAb/TriAb),and antibody cytokine drug combinations,among others.These strategies aim to enhance body's immune re-sponse to cancer through various mechanisms,thereby inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis.Multiple preclinical and clinical studies have shown that immunotherapy targeting B7-H3 has potential therapeutic value.Therefore,this article mainly reviews the latest status of development of tumor immunotherapy drugs targeting B7-H3 molecule.

Tumor-targeted therapy is a vital approach in precision medicine,selection of target molecule is a key element in tumor-targeted therapy.B7-H3(CD276),as an immune checkpoint molecule selectively highly expressed on tumor cells,is a crucial molecule involved in regulation of tumor immunity.Numerous recent studies have found that B7-H3,in addition to its immune check-point function,also participates in regulation of malignant biological behaviors of tumor cells and is considered to have great potential as a pan-cancer universal drug target.Current immunotherapeutic strategies targeting B7-H3 primarily include development of block-ing monoclonal antibodies(Blocking mAb),antibody-drug conjugate(ADC),chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T/NK cell therapies,monoclonal antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity(ADCC)drugs,radionuclide drug conjugates(RDC),bispecific/trispecific anti-body(BsAb/TriAb),and antibody cytokine drug combinations,among others.These strategies aim to enhance body's immune re-sponse to cancer through various mechanisms,thereby inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis.Multiple preclinical and clinical studies have shown that immunotherapy targeting B7-H3 has potential therapeutic value.Therefore,this article mainly reviews the latest status of development of tumor immunotherapy drugs targeting B7-H3 molecule.

Objectives:To investigate the prevalence of cough and its influencing factors in community children under 5 years old.Methods:From October to December 2019, we selected 3 102 community children under the age of 5 from 50 natural villages/residential communities in 14 towns/streets of Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, using multi-stage random sampling method. A face-to-face and on-site questionnaire survey was conducted among child caregivers to collect demographic data and information about children′s cough in the last 1 month. Multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze children′s cough and the influencing factors of different cough states.Results:Multivariate logistic regression model analysis results showed that compared with 0-1 year old, dispersed, caregivers with education level below high school, families with 1 child under 5 years old, Cough risk was higher in 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 years old, nurseries, caregivers with education level of high school or above, and families with more than 2 children under 5 years old. OR (95% CI) values were 1.52(1.19-1.92), 1.65(1.29-2.10), 1.86(1.36-2.54), 2.59(1.99-3.38), 1.48(1.26-1.74) and 1.35(1.13-1.62), respectively. Further analysis of the influencing factors of different states of cough, multivariate logistic regression model analysis results showed that preschool status, the number of children under 5 years old in the family and the education level of caregivers were the influencing factors of acute, prolonged and chronic cough. Age was only an influencing factor of acute and persistent cough. Conclusions:The disease burden of cough in children under 5 years old community was heavy, and the cough was related to children′s age, education level of caregivers, number of children under 5 years old in the family and childcare status.

Objectives:To investigate the prevalence of cough and its influencing factors in community children under 5 years old.Methods:From October to December 2019, we selected 3 102 community children under the age of 5 from 50 natural villages/residential communities in 14 towns/streets of Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, using multi-stage random sampling method. A face-to-face and on-site questionnaire survey was conducted among child caregivers to collect demographic data and information about children′s cough in the last 1 month. Multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze children′s cough and the influencing factors of different cough states.Results:Multivariate logistic regression model analysis results showed that compared with 0-1 year old, dispersed, caregivers with education level below high school, families with 1 child under 5 years old, Cough risk was higher in 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 years old, nurseries, caregivers with education level of high school or above, and families with more than 2 children under 5 years old. OR (95% CI) values were 1.52(1.19-1.92), 1.65(1.29-2.10), 1.86(1.36-2.54), 2.59(1.99-3.38), 1.48(1.26-1.74) and 1.35(1.13-1.62), respectively. Further analysis of the influencing factors of different states of cough, multivariate logistic regression model analysis results showed that preschool status, the number of children under 5 years old in the family and the education level of caregivers were the influencing factors of acute, prolonged and chronic cough. Age was only an influencing factor of acute and persistent cough. Conclusions:The disease burden of cough in children under 5 years old community was heavy, and the cough was related to children′s age, education level of caregivers, number of children under 5 years old in the family and childcare status.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of combining electrical stimulation with manual massage in treating women′s myofascial pelvic pain (MPPS). Methods: A total of 93 MPPS patients were recruited and randomly divided into an infrared irradiation group (n=30), an electrical stimulation group (n=31) and a combination group (n=32). Those in the infrared group and the electrical stimulation group were given 30 minutes of infrared irradiation or electrical stimulation daily for 10 days, while the combined group was given a manual massage with electrical stimulation. The response to treatment was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) to rate discomfort, plus a physical examination, and surface electromyography results using Glazer′s protocol. The treatments′ efficacy and the recurrence of pain were evaluated 1 month after the treatment. Results: The average VAS ratings, resting potentials and their variability of the three groups all improved significantly after the treatment. The average VAS scores of the combined and electrical stimulation groups after the treatment were significantly lower than that of the infrared group. Moreover, the total effective rates of the combined group (96.87%) and the electrical stimulation group (80.65%) were significantly higher than that of the infrared group (56.67%), and the resting potential and variability of the former two groups were also significantly better. All of the above measurements among the combined group after the treatment were significantly better, on average, than in the electrical stimulation group. A month later the recurrence rate in the combined group (6.25%) was significantly lower than in the electrical stimulation group (25.81%) and the infrared group (56.67%). Conclusion Electrical stimulation combined with manual massage is effective in relieving myofascial pelvic pain.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost/benefit of different vaccination strategies related to chickenpox vaccine. METHODS: The direct economic cost and indirect economic cost caused by chickenpox were obtained through questionnaire survey. The epidemic characteristics of chickenpox in Zhejiang province were studied by literature review. Dynamic model was set up by Matlab software based on the parameters of chickenpox, to predict the incidence trends of chickenpox with different immunization strategies (no vaccination, 1-dose vaccination, 2-dose vaccination) in future 40 years (2017-2056). A cost-benefit analysis was conducted, and the sensitivities of the main parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Through the questionnaire survey of 105 cases, the direct and indirect economic cost per case was 506.84 Yuan and 1045.39 Yuan respectively, with the total of 1552.23 Yuan. During the prediction period (40 years), there would be 7.0908 million cases in strategy 2, which was 59.71% less than strategy 1 (17.5989 million cases). Total vaccination costs in strategy 2 were 2.366 billion Yuan, with a total economic gain of 33.741 billion Yuan and benefit/cost ratio (BCR) of 14.26:1. If strategy 3 was adopted, 2.7249 million chickenpox cases would occur, with a decrease of 84.52% compared with strategy 1. Total vaccination costs in strategy 3 was 4.495 billion Yuan, with a total economic gain of 44.309 billion Yuan and BCR of 9.86:1. Analysis showed that the vaccine price was the most sensitive variable, followed by the incidence of chickenpox in the absence of vaccine. CONCLUSIONS In Zhejiang province, one-dose strategy and two-dose strategy were both cost effective. It is suggested that the chickenpox vaccination should be included in the immunization program in Zhejiang province.
Chickenpox ; prevention & control ; Chickenpox Vaccine ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; economics ; methods ; Vaccination ; economics

Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is an important and key cytoplasmic enzyme in the metabolism of thiopurine drugs,whose activity can directly determine the amount of thiopurine drugs metabolized to cytotoxic 6-thioguanine nucleotides and consequently influence clinical efficacy and adverse drug reactions of thiopurine drugs.In order to deepen knowledge and role of genetic polymorphism of tpmt in the individualized thiopurine drug treatment,this present review mainly covered the following three frequently concerned aspects,including i) whether or not to determine the activity of TPMT priot to treatment of thiopurine drugs;ii) to genotype or to phenotype;iii) how to choose genotype methods.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM: To observe the effect of circadian rhythms on wound healing of mouse corneal epithelium. METHODS:The C57BL/6 male mice were used in the study.A part of corneal epithelium (2 mm in diameter) was struck off by a golf-like knife to form a round wound area.The dynamics of epithelial healing in the wound area were ob-served under microscope with fluorescein staining.In addition, with related antibodies and DAPI, the dynamic changes of the neutrophils, platelets and dividing cells were also investigated.RESULTS:The healing rates in LL group (12 h light/12 h light) and DD group (12 h dark/12 h dark) were obviously slower than that in LD group (12 h light/12 h dark), mainly showing delayed re-epithelialization, decreased epithelial cells, increased diameter of blood vessel, and delayed re-cruitment of neutrophils and platelets, but more cell number.CONCLUSION:Disruption of circadian rhythms significant-ly inhibits the wound healing of corneal epithelium, mainly through delaying the inflammation and re-epithelialization, but aggravating the inflammatory responses.