Myelin is an essential structure that facilitates rapid saltatory conduction in the nervous system. Discrepancies in myelin microstructure are a hallmark of numerous neurological disorders, rendering the assessment of myelin integrity and content an indispensable tool in clinical diagnostics and neuroscience research. Extensive research has been dedicated to scrutinizing its biochemical makeup and morphology under normal, pathological, and experimental conditions over the years. In this review, we present an updated summary of the myelin sheath's structure, composition, and developmental trajectory. We systematically enumerate and contrast eight prevalent myelin staining techniques across dimensions of sensitivity, specificity, and resolution, delving into their underlying staining principles. With an initial application of myelin histology on the mouse demyelination model, our review accentuates the accurate delineation of myelination and the microstructural analysis of the myelin sheath. Such insights are anticipated to significantly contribute to the evaluation and understanding of white matter pathologies.
Myelin Sheath/metabolism* ; Animals ; Humans ; Demyelinating Diseases/pathology* ; Staining and Labeling/methods*

Objective: To analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the construction on intelligent vaccination clinics in Zhejiang Province, so as to provide countermeasures for promoting the construction of intelligent vaccination clinics in Zhejiang Province. Methods: By reviewing the annual reports of Zhejiang immunization planning, survey data from Zhejiang Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Immunization Intelligent Service System, data of human resources of immunization planning, vaccine procurement, construction progress of intelligent vaccination clinics and vaccination were collected. The relevant literature was searched to gather information on the construction standards and norms of intelligent vaccination clinics. The analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the construction of intelligent vaccination clinics was conducted, and corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were proposed. Results: The National Immunization Program reported vaccine rate in Zhejiang Province is more than 99%, and standardized vaccination clinics have been popularized throughout the province. The vaccination staff are professional, and a province-wide intelligent immunization service information system has been established, providing the resources and conditions for the construction of intelligent vaccination clinics. However, there are problems such as low data quality and matching efficiency in vaccination, insufficient data interoperability and sharing, unbalanced regional capabilities in intelligent transformation, and uneven distribution of talent and resources. It is crucial to seize the opportunities presented by the development of big data and artificial intelligence, rely on the regional development of the Internet and health industry, seize the opportunity of rapid growth in demand for intelligent vaccination services and high public acceptance, accelerate the construction of intelligent vaccination clinics, and establish intelligent vaccination service standards as soon as possible. Conclusion We should seize the opportunities presented by the digital reform and development, fully utilize the existing vaccination resources and strengths, address the shortcomings, and accelerate the construction of intelligent vaccination clinics in Zhejiang Province.

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of school injury among students aged 3 to 18 years in Yantian District of Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, so as to provide the reference for developing the strategies for prevention and control of school injury. Methods: Data of the students aged 3 to 18 years who were initially diagnosed as injury in sentinel hospitals and whose injuries occurred in nurseries, primary or middle schools in Yantian District in 2023, were collected from the Shenzhen Injury Surveillance System. The onset time, places, activities, characteristics and sites of injury were descriptively analyzed. Results: A total of 1 681 cases of school injuries among students aged 3 to 18 years were reported in Yantian District in 2023, including 1 182 boys and 499 girls, with a boy-to-girl ratio of 2.37∶1. There were 206 preschool children (12.25%), 856 primary school students (50.92%), 358 junior high school students (21.30%) and 261 high school students (15.53%). The peak months for school injuries were February to June, accounting for 49.97%; the peak time period was from 15: 00 to 18: 59, accounting for 44.68%. The main causes of injuries included falls (41.94%) and blunt injury (33.85%). The activities at the time of injury mainly included leisure activities (57.70%) and physical activities (21.83%). Contusion/abrasion was the main characteristics (49.20%). Mild injury was predominant, accounting for 74.60%, and there was no fatal case. The top three injury sites were the head and neck, upper limbs and lower limbs, accounting for 36.94%, 27.54%, and 24.33%, respectively. Boys had higher proportions of blunt injuries and contusion/abrasion (AR=4.8 and 4.0). The proportion of sports injuries, sprains/strains and lower limb injuries increased with grade (all P<0.05). Conclusions School injury among students predominantly occur in spring when having leisure or physical activities in Yantian District. The main causes of injuries are falls and blunt injury, with boys and primary school students being the high-risk groups.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the bleeding site,clinical features,treatment methods and curative effect of difficult-to-control epistaxis. METHODS The clinical data of 127 patients with difficult-to-control epistaxis admitted for treatment were retrospectively analyzed to investigate the common bleeding sites,clinical features,and curative effect. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences in the bleeding sites among patients of different age groups(P=0.000),whether they were combined with hypertension 2,3 grades(P=0.030),and whether patients taking long-term anticoagulants(P=0.000). Among the enrolled patients,14 patients were successful in the secondary hemostasis. Among the patients with two successful bleeding stops,the one-time cure rate of patients with hypertension 2,3 grades was significantly different from that of patients with hypertension 1 grade and non-hypertension(P=0.000). CONCLUSION Male patients with difficult-to-control epistaxis are more than female patients. The common bleeding sites are related to age,hypertension 2,3 grades,and long-term use of anticoagulants. Nasal endoscopic electrocoagulation is the preferred treatment method. The cure rate of electrocoagulation is related to blood pressure,and blood pressure control is necessary for patients with poor blood pressure control.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular genetic characteristics, and differential diagnosis of NTRK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasms (NTRK-RSCNs) in the gastrointestinal tract.Methods:Two NTRK-RSCNs diagnosed at the Department of Pathology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China and one case diagnosed at Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou, China from 2019 to 2022 were collected. The clinical data, histopathology, immunophenotypes and prognosis were analyzed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to detect NTRK gene rearrangements, while relevant literature was also reviewed and discussed.Results:Two patients were male and one was female, with the age of 17, 47 and 62 years, respectively. The tumors were located in the duodenum, ascending colon and descending colon, respectively. The tumors were protuberant masses with gray and rubbery sections. Their maximum diameter was 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 cm, respectively. Histologically, the tumors invaded mucosa, intrinsic muscle and serosal adipose tissue. Tumor cells consisted of spindle or oval shaped cells with monotonous morphology and arranged in bundles or stripes pattern. Spindle cells were mildly to moderately atypical, with slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm and inconspicuous nucleoli. Necrosis and mitotic figures were observed in one high-grade tumor. All tumors expressed CD34, S-100 and pan-TRK in varying degrees. FISH analysis showed that NTRK1 gene was break-apart in 1 case and NTRK2 gene break-apart in 2 cases. NGS technologies showed LMNA::NTRK1 fusion in one case, STRN::NTRK2 fusion in another case. All patients recovered well after the surgery without recurrence at the end of the follow-up.Conclusions:NTRK-RSCN is rarely diagnosed in the gastrointestinal tract and has significant variations in morphology. It overlaps with various other mesenchymal tumors which should be considered as differential diagnoses. Be familiar with the features of histological morphology in combination with immunophenotype and molecular genetic characteristics can not only help diagnose NTRK-RSCNs, but provide therapeutic targets for clinical treatment.

OBJECTIVES: Several countries have successfully eliminated measles, and China is making significant strides toward achieving this goal. This study focused on investigating the patterns of measles infections in Zhejiang Province, China, as well as control measures. The objective was to provide valuable insights that could contribute to the development of nationwide elimination strategies. METHODS: We analyzed measles surveillance data from 2005 to 2022 in Zhejiang Province. We utilized a joinpoint regression model to examine trends in measles. Additionally, we employed SaTScan version 9.5 to identify spatial-temporal clusters. Finally, we used an age-period-cohort model to assess the effects of age, period, and cohort. RESULTS: The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of measles infection in Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2022 was 5.24 per 100,000, showing a consistent and significant downward trend with an annual percentage change of -24.93% (p<0.05). After 2020, the ASIR for measles infection fell to below 0.1 per 100,000. The majority of measles cases occurred in individuals either without an immunization history or with an unknown immunization status, representing 41.06% and 41.40% of the cases from 2010 to 2022, respectively. According to data from the National Measles Surveillance System, the annual rate of discarded measles cases from 2009 to 2014, and the annual rate of discarded measles and rubella cases from 2015 to 2022, were both above 2 per 100,000, indicating the high sensitivity of the measles surveillance system. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction in measles incidence from 2005 to 2022 demonstrates substantial progress in Zhejiang Province towards the elimination of measles.

OBJECTIVES: Several countries have successfully eliminated measles, and China is making significant strides toward achieving this goal. This study focused on investigating the patterns of measles infections in Zhejiang Province, China, as well as control measures. The objective was to provide valuable insights that could contribute to the development of nationwide elimination strategies. METHODS: We analyzed measles surveillance data from 2005 to 2022 in Zhejiang Province. We utilized a joinpoint regression model to examine trends in measles. Additionally, we employed SaTScan version 9.5 to identify spatial-temporal clusters. Finally, we used an age-period-cohort model to assess the effects of age, period, and cohort. RESULTS: The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of measles infection in Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2022 was 5.24 per 100,000, showing a consistent and significant downward trend with an annual percentage change of -24.93% (p<0.05). After 2020, the ASIR for measles infection fell to below 0.1 per 100,000. The majority of measles cases occurred in individuals either without an immunization history or with an unknown immunization status, representing 41.06% and 41.40% of the cases from 2010 to 2022, respectively. According to data from the National Measles Surveillance System, the annual rate of discarded measles cases from 2009 to 2014, and the annual rate of discarded measles and rubella cases from 2015 to 2022, were both above 2 per 100,000, indicating the high sensitivity of the measles surveillance system. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction in measles incidence from 2005 to 2022 demonstrates substantial progress in Zhejiang Province towards the elimination of measles.

OBJECTIVES: Several countries have successfully eliminated measles, and China is making significant strides toward achieving this goal. This study focused on investigating the patterns of measles infections in Zhejiang Province, China, as well as control measures. The objective was to provide valuable insights that could contribute to the development of nationwide elimination strategies. METHODS: We analyzed measles surveillance data from 2005 to 2022 in Zhejiang Province. We utilized a joinpoint regression model to examine trends in measles. Additionally, we employed SaTScan version 9.5 to identify spatial-temporal clusters. Finally, we used an age-period-cohort model to assess the effects of age, period, and cohort. RESULTS: The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of measles infection in Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2022 was 5.24 per 100,000, showing a consistent and significant downward trend with an annual percentage change of -24.93% (p<0.05). After 2020, the ASIR for measles infection fell to below 0.1 per 100,000. The majority of measles cases occurred in individuals either without an immunization history or with an unknown immunization status, representing 41.06% and 41.40% of the cases from 2010 to 2022, respectively. According to data from the National Measles Surveillance System, the annual rate of discarded measles cases from 2009 to 2014, and the annual rate of discarded measles and rubella cases from 2015 to 2022, were both above 2 per 100,000, indicating the high sensitivity of the measles surveillance system. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction in measles incidence from 2005 to 2022 demonstrates substantial progress in Zhejiang Province towards the elimination of measles.

OBJECTIVES: Several countries have successfully eliminated measles, and China is making significant strides toward achieving this goal. This study focused on investigating the patterns of measles infections in Zhejiang Province, China, as well as control measures. The objective was to provide valuable insights that could contribute to the development of nationwide elimination strategies. METHODS: We analyzed measles surveillance data from 2005 to 2022 in Zhejiang Province. We utilized a joinpoint regression model to examine trends in measles. Additionally, we employed SaTScan version 9.5 to identify spatial-temporal clusters. Finally, we used an age-period-cohort model to assess the effects of age, period, and cohort. RESULTS: The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of measles infection in Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2022 was 5.24 per 100,000, showing a consistent and significant downward trend with an annual percentage change of -24.93% (p<0.05). After 2020, the ASIR for measles infection fell to below 0.1 per 100,000. The majority of measles cases occurred in individuals either without an immunization history or with an unknown immunization status, representing 41.06% and 41.40% of the cases from 2010 to 2022, respectively. According to data from the National Measles Surveillance System, the annual rate of discarded measles cases from 2009 to 2014, and the annual rate of discarded measles and rubella cases from 2015 to 2022, were both above 2 per 100,000, indicating the high sensitivity of the measles surveillance system. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction in measles incidence from 2005 to 2022 demonstrates substantial progress in Zhejiang Province towards the elimination of measles.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, severe, and highly contagious infectious disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which seriously endangers the development of animal husbandry. The inactivated FMD vaccine is the main product for the prevention and control of FMD, which has been successfully applied to control the pandemic and outbreak of FMD. However, the inactivated FMD vaccine also has problems, such as the instability of antigen, the risk of spread of the virus due to incomplete inactivation during vaccine production, and the high cost of production. Compared with traditional microbial and animal bioreactors, production of antigens in plants through transgenic technology has some advantages including low cost, safety, convenience, and easy storage and transportation. Moreover, since antigens produced from plants can be directly used as edible vaccines, no complex processes of protein extraction and purification are required. But, there are some problems for the production of antigens in plants, which include low expression level and poor controllability. Thus, expressing the antigens of FMDV in plants may be an alternative mean for production of FMD vaccine, which has certain advantages but still need to be continuously optimized. Here we review the main strategies for expressing active proteins in plants, as well as the research progress on the expression of FMDV antigens in plants. We also discuss the current problems and challenges encountered, with the aim to facilitate related research.
Animals ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics* ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control* ; Antigens, Viral/genetics* ; Viral Vaccines