Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET demonstrates superior accuracy compared to alternative imaging modalities in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Nonetheless, subjective interpretation processes still result in false positives and false negatives, leading to erroneous or missed diagnoses, thereby compromising diagnostic efficacy, influencing preoperative grading and risk stratification, and interfering with clinical decision-making. With the rapid advancement of medical imaging technology and artificial intelligence, the role of radiomics is gaining prominence. By leveraging extracted image features and employing quantitative analysis, radiomics based on PSMA PET images holds great potential to enhance the capabilities of diagnosing, grading, quantifying risk, and predicting treatment efficacy in prostate cancer. This article aims to comprehensively review the research progress of PSMA PET radiomics in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.

Objective:To evaluate the potential value of 18×10 3 translocator protein (TSPO) radioligand ( N, N-diethy1-2-(2-(4-(2- 18F-fluoroethoxy) phenyl)-5, 7-dimethylpyrazolo[1, 5-A]pyrimidin-3-yl)acetamide, 18F-DPA-714) PET compared with conventional MR in the detection of autoimmune encephalitis (AE), the correlation with clinical symptoms, and the monitoring of immunotherapy efficacy in patients with AE. Methods:From December 2021 to June 2024, 45 AE patients (17 males, 28 females, age (38.3±17.0) years) diagnosed at Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and 10 healthy volunteers (7 males, 3 females, age (28.7±5.1) years) were enrolled in this prospective study. All participants underwent baseline 18F-DPA-714 PET/MR scans, and 23 of these AE patients underwent further follow-up 18F-DPA-714 PET/MR scans. 18F-DPA-714 PET positivity was defined as having an uptake intensity threshold higher than the mean SUV ratio (SUVR)+ 2 s of the corresponding brain region in healthy controls. MR positivity was defined as abnormal hyperintensity in a specific brain region or multiple brain regions on the T 2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). The positive detection rates of 18F-DPA-714 PET and MR was analyzed using McNemar χ2 test, and the differences in the uptake intensity (SUVR) of 18F-DPA-714 between symptomatic and non-symptomatic groups, and between remission and non-remission groups after immunotherapy were compared using independent-sample t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the changing rate of SUVR and the changing of the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score before and after treatment. Results:The positive detecting rate of 18F-DPA-714 PET for AE was significantly higher than that of MR (73.3%(33/45) vs 35.6%(16/45); χ2=11.56, P=0.001). The cerebellar SUVR of ataxia patients was significantly higher than that of asymptomatic patients (1.22(1.06, 1.33) vs 1.08(0.99, 1.20); Z=-2.14, P=0.034). Follow-up imaging showed that the SUVR of patients in the remission group after immunotherapy was significantly lower than that in the non-remission group ((-15.19±10.17)% vs (14.26±13.36)%; t=5.81, P<0.001). There was a significant correlation between the changing rate of SUVR and the changing of the mRS score before and after treatment ( rs=0.65, P<0.001). Conclusion:Compared with conventional MR, 18F-DPA-714 PET has a higher positive detecting rate for AE, and has the potential to reflect the clinical symptoms of AE and monitor the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET demonstrates superior accuracy compared to alternative imaging modalities in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Nonetheless, subjective interpretation processes still result in false positives and false negatives, leading to erroneous or missed diagnoses, thereby compromising diagnostic efficacy, influencing preoperative grading and risk stratification, and interfering with clinical decision-making. With the rapid advancement of medical imaging technology and artificial intelligence, the role of radiomics is gaining prominence. By leveraging extracted image features and employing quantitative analysis, radiomics based on PSMA PET images holds great potential to enhance the capabilities of diagnosing, grading, quantifying risk, and predicting treatment efficacy in prostate cancer. This article aims to comprehensively review the research progress of PSMA PET radiomics in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.

Objective:To evaluate the potential value of 18×10 3 translocator protein (TSPO) radioligand ( N, N-diethy1-2-(2-(4-(2- 18F-fluoroethoxy) phenyl)-5, 7-dimethylpyrazolo[1, 5-A]pyrimidin-3-yl)acetamide, 18F-DPA-714) PET compared with conventional MR in the detection of autoimmune encephalitis (AE), the correlation with clinical symptoms, and the monitoring of immunotherapy efficacy in patients with AE. Methods:From December 2021 to June 2024, 45 AE patients (17 males, 28 females, age (38.3±17.0) years) diagnosed at Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and 10 healthy volunteers (7 males, 3 females, age (28.7±5.1) years) were enrolled in this prospective study. All participants underwent baseline 18F-DPA-714 PET/MR scans, and 23 of these AE patients underwent further follow-up 18F-DPA-714 PET/MR scans. 18F-DPA-714 PET positivity was defined as having an uptake intensity threshold higher than the mean SUV ratio (SUVR)+ 2 s of the corresponding brain region in healthy controls. MR positivity was defined as abnormal hyperintensity in a specific brain region or multiple brain regions on the T 2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). The positive detection rates of 18F-DPA-714 PET and MR was analyzed using McNemar χ2 test, and the differences in the uptake intensity (SUVR) of 18F-DPA-714 between symptomatic and non-symptomatic groups, and between remission and non-remission groups after immunotherapy were compared using independent-sample t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the changing rate of SUVR and the changing of the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score before and after treatment. Results:The positive detecting rate of 18F-DPA-714 PET for AE was significantly higher than that of MR (73.3%(33/45) vs 35.6%(16/45); χ2=11.56, P=0.001). The cerebellar SUVR of ataxia patients was significantly higher than that of asymptomatic patients (1.22(1.06, 1.33) vs 1.08(0.99, 1.20); Z=-2.14, P=0.034). Follow-up imaging showed that the SUVR of patients in the remission group after immunotherapy was significantly lower than that in the non-remission group ((-15.19±10.17)% vs (14.26±13.36)%; t=5.81, P<0.001). There was a significant correlation between the changing rate of SUVR and the changing of the mRS score before and after treatment ( rs=0.65, P<0.001). Conclusion:Compared with conventional MR, 18F-DPA-714 PET has a higher positive detecting rate for AE, and has the potential to reflect the clinical symptoms of AE and monitor the efficacy of immunotherapy.