According to the latest global cancer burden data for 2020 released by the WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer, breast cancer has become the malignant tumor with the highest incidence worldwide. Based on existing internal medicine treatment means like chemotherapy, targeted therapy and endocrine therapy, the development of immunotherapy provides novel solutions for the treatment of breast cancer. To date, the clinical research of immunotherapy in various molecular types and stages of breast cancer has reached certain achievements. In addition, the exploration of joint application with other therapies, predictive markers for efficacy, and immune-related adverse effects is also ongoing. The research and development in the field of breast cancer immunotherapy holds a promising prospect, and approaching research advances will promote the further application of immunotherapy in breast cancer.

Background and objective With further understanding and research into non-small cell lung cancer with tumours ≤2 cm in maximum diameter,segmental lung resection is able to achieve the same long-term prognosis as lobec-tomy.However,there are few studies on the prognostic effect of wedge resection on small volume invasive lung adenocarci-noma with an invasion depth of 0.5 to 1.0 cm.Therefore,this study focuses on the clinical efficacy and prognosis of wedge re-section in patients with small-volume invasive lung adenocarcinoma.Methods A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 208 patients who underwent surgery in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University from February 2016 to December 2017 was made,and the postoperative pathological results confirmed small volume invasive lung adenocarcinoma.According to their surgical methods,they were divided into lobectomy group(n=115),segmentectomy group(n=48)and wedge resection group(n=45).Kaplan-Meier survival curve estimation and Cox proportional risk regression model were used to explore the influence of different surgical methods on the prognosis of patients with small volume invasive lung adenocarcinoma.Results The wedge resection group had better perioperative outcomes compared with the segmentectomy group and lobectomy group,with statistically significant differences in intraoperative bleed-ing(P=0.036),postoperative drainage(P＜0.001),operative time(P=0.018),postoperative time with tubes(P=0.001),and postoperative complication rate(P=0.006).There were no significant differences when comparing the three groups in terms of survival rate(lobectomy group vs segmentectomy group,P=0.303;lobectomy group vs wedge resection group,P=0.742;and segmentectomy group vs wedge resection group,P=0.278)and recurrence-free survival rate(lobectomy group vs segmentec-tomy group,P=0.495;lobectomy group vs wedge resection group,P=0.362;segmentectomy group vs wedge resection group,P=0.775).Univariate and multivariate survival analyses showed that consolidation tumor ratio(CTR)was the prognostic factor of overall survival and revurrence-free survival for patients with small-volume invasive lung adenocarcinoma(P＜0.05).Conclusion Wedge resection in patients with small volume invasive lung adenocarcinoma can achieve long-term outcomes similar to segmentectomy and lobectomy.When the CTR≤0.5,wedge resection is preferred in such patients.

Breast cancer with low expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) has unique biological behaviors. Compared with HER2-zero breast cancer, there are significant differences in molecular subtype and gene expression between the two categories of breast cancer. Novel antibody-drug conjugates represented by T-DXd provide a new treatment option for patients with HER2-low breast cancer, and relevant clinical trials are continuing. At present, the relationship between HER2-low status and prognosis of breast cancer patients remains controversial. In-depth research into HER2-low breast cancer will help further improve clinical outcomes for this population.