Objective To explore the differences in terahertz(THz)signal characteristics between normal and ischemic liver tissues of New Zealand rabbits using THz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS),thereby providing a novel detection technique for the pathological detection of liver tissues.Methods Liver ischemia models were established in New Zealand rabbits.The THz scanning signal maps of normal and ischemic liver tissues were obtained using a reflective THz-TDS system,and the acquired signals were subjected to principal component analysis.Results Both normal and ischemic liver tissues displayed two distinct peaks in their THz signals.However,the amplitude of the THz signal in ischemic liver tissue was higher than that in normal liver tissue,with significant differences also observed in their signal morphologies.Principal component analysis results revealed a clear clustered distribution between the signals of normal and ischemic liver tissues,indicating that THz-TDS could effectively distinguish between the two tissue types.Conclusion THz-TDS can be applied to the detection of ischemic liver tissue,providing experimental evidence to support further research on the early diagnosis of liver ischemia and exhibiting broad prospects for clinical application.

Aim To construct and analyze the genotype of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2(GRK2)conditional knockout mice in synoviocytes,and to provide an animal model for stud-ying the function of GRK2 in synoviocytes.Methods Grk2flox/+mice were bred to generate Grk2flox/flox mice,Grk2flox/flox mice were bred to Col1a1-iCre+mice,Grk2flox/+Col1a1-iCre+mice were bred to Grk2flox/flox mice.Grk2flox/flox Col1a1-iCre+mice were ob-tained as target mice.DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR to identify the genotype.Western blot was used to verify the effect of Grk2 knockout in synovium,liver and kidney tissues.HE staining was used to detect the effects of Grk2 conditional knockout in synovial cells on ankle synovium,liver and kidney tissues.Multiple immunofluorescence was used to detect GRK2 expression in synovial cells.Results The results of gene iden-tification showed that Grk2flox/flox Col1a1-iCre+mice had both Flox and Col1a1-iCre genotypes.Western blot results showed that GRK2 expression decreased in synovial tissues of Grk2flox/flox Col1a1-iCre+mice,but there was no significant change in the expression of GRK2 in liver and kidney tissues.HE staining showed that Grk2flox/flox Col1a1-iCre+mice had no significant pathological changes in the ankle synovium,liver and kidney.The results of multiple immunofluorescence showed that GRK2 expression in synovial cells of Grk2flox/flox Col1a1-iCre+mice de-creased.Conclusion Grk2 conditional knockout mice in syno-viocytes are successfully constructed and identified,which pro-vides an animal model for further study of the role of GRK2 in synovial-related diseases.

Aim To construct and analyze the genotype of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2(GRK2)conditional knockout mice in synoviocytes,and to provide an animal model for stud-ying the function of GRK2 in synoviocytes.Methods Grk2flox/+mice were bred to generate Grk2flox/flox mice,Grk2flox/flox mice were bred to Col1a1-iCre+mice,Grk2flox/+Col1a1-iCre+mice were bred to Grk2flox/flox mice.Grk2flox/flox Col1a1-iCre+mice were ob-tained as target mice.DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR to identify the genotype.Western blot was used to verify the effect of Grk2 knockout in synovium,liver and kidney tissues.HE staining was used to detect the effects of Grk2 conditional knockout in synovial cells on ankle synovium,liver and kidney tissues.Multiple immunofluorescence was used to detect GRK2 expression in synovial cells.Results The results of gene iden-tification showed that Grk2flox/flox Col1a1-iCre+mice had both Flox and Col1a1-iCre genotypes.Western blot results showed that GRK2 expression decreased in synovial tissues of Grk2flox/flox Col1a1-iCre+mice,but there was no significant change in the expression of GRK2 in liver and kidney tissues.HE staining showed that Grk2flox/flox Col1a1-iCre+mice had no significant pathological changes in the ankle synovium,liver and kidney.The results of multiple immunofluorescence showed that GRK2 expression in synovial cells of Grk2flox/flox Col1a1-iCre+mice de-creased.Conclusion Grk2 conditional knockout mice in syno-viocytes are successfully constructed and identified,which pro-vides an animal model for further study of the role of GRK2 in synovial-related diseases.

Central nervous system(CNS)degenerative disorders refer to a spectrum of pathological alterations triggered by struc-tural damage to cerebral neural tissues,clinically manifested as diverse neurological dysfunction syndromes,including multiple sclerosis(MS),neurodegenerative diseases(NDs),and ische-mic stroke.The hallmark pathological features of these disorders involve irreversible neuronal damage and decompensation of functional neural networks,ultimately leading to progressive neurological deficits.Notably,with the accelerating global popu-lation aging,the incidence of these diseases has surged signifi-cantly.According to WHO statistics,they now rank among the top three global causes of disability and mortality.Current re-search has confirmed that the pathogenesis of CNS degenerative disorders exhibits high heterogeneity,encompassing multifaceted pathophysiological processes such as genetic predisposition,oxi-dative stress,protein misfolding,and metabolic dysregulation.This intricate pathogenic network not only complicates clinical differential diagnosis but also poses substantial challenges to the development of precision therapeutic strategies.Importantly,re-cent studies have revealed that mitochondrial homeostasis disrup-tion-induced inflammatory cascades(termed mitochondrial in-flammation)play a pivotal regulatory role in neurodegenerative progression.Key molecular mechanisms include impaired mito-phagy,aberrant mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)release and NL-RP3 inflammasome activation.This review systematically deci-phers the molecular regulatory network of mitochondrial inflam-mation,with a focus on its biological effects in critical pathologi-cal events such as blood-brain barrier disruption,microglial hy-peractivation and neuronal apoptosis.The overarching aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for developing innovative thera-peutic strategies targeting mitochondrial homeostasis restoration.

Aim To investigate the anti-acute lung injury(ALI)effect of Sterculiae Lychnophorae Semen(SLS)and its mechanism.Methods The main ac-tive components of SLS and their core targets and path-ways of action against ALI were obtained by network pharmacology methods.Subsequently,molecular doc-king technology and in vitro cellular experiments were applied for validation.Results A total of 19 core tar-gets were obtained,including HSP90AA1,CASP3,TNF,MAPK8 and MAPK14.The mechanisms may in-volve signaling pathways such as cancer,PI3K/Akt and MAPK.Molecular docking confirmed that the key targets of SLS formed a better binding activity with the relevant active ingredients.The in vitro results showed that SLS was able to protect the PM2.5-contaminated BEAS-2B cells,inhibit their NO,IL-1β and TNF-αlevels,and reduce the expression of p-p38 MAPK and p-JNK proteins.Conclusions The study successfully predicts the active ingredients,targets and signaling pathways of SLS against ALI,and in vitro experiments demonstrate that SLS might protect BEAS-2B cells from PM2.5 stimulus-induced inflammation and apoptosis by inhibiting the over-activation of p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways.

Aim To investigate the effects of breast cancer-related depression model on microglial activa-tion and neuronal function via the NLRP3-COX-2 sig-naling pathway.Methods In the cell experiment,BV2 and HT22 cells were co-cultured to observe the polarization of BV2 cells and the injury of HT22 cells.In the animal experiment,behavioral experiments were used to evaluate the depressive behaviors of mice.HE staining and tumor weight were used to evaluate the changes of axillary tumors.ELISA was used to detect the contents of CA153,CA125,CEA,as well as the changes in the contents of 5-HT,DA and others in the serum and hippocampus.RT-qPCR and immunohisto-chemistry were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of IL-1 β,IL-18 and other indicators,re-spectively.Immunofluorescence was used to detect CD1 1b and Iba-1.Nissl staining and transmission elec-tron microscopy were used to observe the hippocampal neurons.Results The results of cell experiments showed that compared with the model group,the pro-tein contents and mRNA expression levels of NLRP3,COX-2,and IL-1 β in the NLRP3 knockdown group were all decreased.The results of animal experiments showed that compared with the model group,the be-havioral performance of the experimental group was im-proved,and the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-1 β,IL-18,and NLRP3 were decreased.Conclu-sion BCRD may mediate the polarization of microglia and the injury of hippocampal neurons through the NL-RP3-COX-2 signaling pathway.

Aim To investigate the effects of breast cancer-related depression model on microglial activa-tion and neuronal function via the NLRP3-COX-2 sig-naling pathway.Methods In the cell experiment,BV2 and HT22 cells were co-cultured to observe the polarization of BV2 cells and the injury of HT22 cells.In the animal experiment,behavioral experiments were used to evaluate the depressive behaviors of mice.HE staining and tumor weight were used to evaluate the changes of axillary tumors.ELISA was used to detect the contents of CA153,CA125,CEA,as well as the changes in the contents of 5-HT,DA and others in the serum and hippocampus.RT-qPCR and immunohisto-chemistry were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of IL-1 β,IL-18 and other indicators,re-spectively.Immunofluorescence was used to detect CD1 1b and Iba-1.Nissl staining and transmission elec-tron microscopy were used to observe the hippocampal neurons.Results The results of cell experiments showed that compared with the model group,the pro-tein contents and mRNA expression levels of NLRP3,COX-2,and IL-1 β in the NLRP3 knockdown group were all decreased.The results of animal experiments showed that compared with the model group,the be-havioral performance of the experimental group was im-proved,and the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-1 β,IL-18,and NLRP3 were decreased.Conclu-sion BCRD may mediate the polarization of microglia and the injury of hippocampal neurons through the NL-RP3-COX-2 signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the differences in terahertz(THz)signal characteristics between normal and ischemic liver tissues of New Zealand rabbits using THz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS),thereby providing a novel detection technique for the pathological detection of liver tissues.Methods Liver ischemia models were established in New Zealand rabbits.The THz scanning signal maps of normal and ischemic liver tissues were obtained using a reflective THz-TDS system,and the acquired signals were subjected to principal component analysis.Results Both normal and ischemic liver tissues displayed two distinct peaks in their THz signals.However,the amplitude of the THz signal in ischemic liver tissue was higher than that in normal liver tissue,with significant differences also observed in their signal morphologies.Principal component analysis results revealed a clear clustered distribution between the signals of normal and ischemic liver tissues,indicating that THz-TDS could effectively distinguish between the two tissue types.Conclusion THz-TDS can be applied to the detection of ischemic liver tissue,providing experimental evidence to support further research on the early diagnosis of liver ischemia and exhibiting broad prospects for clinical application.

Objective To observe the origin and course of the obturator artery(OA),so as to provide anatomical reference for reducing hemorrhage during pelvic surgery and pubic fracture fixation.Methods A total of 65 human hemi-pelvises specimens with intact structure were dissected to observe the origin,course and other variations of OA.Measure the length of the inner section of OA basin and the outer diameter at the origin,etc.Results OA originated from the internal iliac artery in 57 cases(87.7%),including 3 cases(4.6%)of the superior gluteal artery,5 cases(7.7%)of the inferior gluteal artery,3 cases(4.6%)of the external iliac artery and 5 cases(7.7%)of the inferior epigastric artery.OA participated in the formation of the arterial trunk in 3 cases(4.6%).The length of the pelvic segment of the OA in male and female was(50.87±15.41)mm and(51.71±14.19)mm,respectively,with no statistically significant difference between them(P>0.05).The outer diameters at the origin of the OA in male and female were(2.79±1.05)mm and(2.35±0.86)mm,and there was no statistically significant difference between them(P>0.05).Conclusion OA mainly originated from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery,with a few OA originated from the branches of the posterior trunk or the inferior epigastric artery,or participated in the formation of the arterial trunk.In pelvic surgery involving OA area,attention should be paid to the length of its pelvic segment and the outer diameter at the origin of OA,so as to better locate and protect blood vessels during surgery.

Objective To investigate the anatomical structure and surface location of the Lieque(LU7)acupoint.Methods Firstly,the anatomical localization descriptions of the Lieque(LU7)acupoint from classical medical literature were reviewed and summarized.A total of 21 participants were recruited from Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University from January to March 2025.A Cartesian coordinate system was established over the Lieque(LU7)region on the right forearm.Following standardized manual pressure stimulation,the coordinates of the participant′s reported acupoint sensations were recorded.Based on surface pressure mapping result,10 participants were arbitrarily selected for acupuncture intervention.Upon elicitation of acupoint sensation,the ultrasound imaging was used for real-time visualization of anatomical spatial relationships between the needle tip and distal radial osseous landmarks.Five red latex-perfused adult upper limb specimens were selected for microdissection of the Lieque(LU7)regions pre-localized via ultrasonography,achieving definitive structural characterization of its anatomical strata.Another 10 participants were arbitrarily selected to find the physical structure of the Lieque(LU7)acupoint using ultrasound,and the similarities and differences of acupoint sensation responses were verified using acupuncture needle insertions into both the demarcated zone and peripheral tissues.Results The descriptions of the localization of the Lieque(LU7)acupoint in ancient books can be summarized as"one and a half cun above the wrist side"longitudinally,and"at the intersection head,between two tendons and two bones in the hollow"transversely.During surface pressure application,the sites of the participant′s elicited acupoint sensation were anatomically concentrated in the proximal depression adjacent to the radiopalmar ridge,specifically at the transitional interface between the extensor pollicis brevis tendon and scaphoid bone.During acupuncture-induced acupoint sensation,ultrasound imaging demonstrated that the location of the needle tip was located within the proximal depression adjacent to the radiopalmar ridge,accompanied by arterial hemodynamic perfusion signals into adjacent osseous interfaces.Microdissection findings revealed perforating branches of the radial artery traversing the cortical bone interface within the Lieque(LU7)acupoint region.Acupuncture stimulation at the proximal depression adjacent to the radiopalmar ridge elicited consistent acupoint sensations in all 10 participants,and the acupoint sensations differed from those of other surrounding tissues.Conclusion The anatomical structure of Lieque(LU7)acupoint is located within the proximal depression adjacent to the radiopalmar ridge,characterized by the presence of"hilus of bone"structure.