Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

Objective     To evaluate the effect of frailty on postoperative complications in elderly patients with esophageal cancer. Methods     We enrolled the patients aged≥65 years and with esophageal cancer who underwent surgical treatment in Shanghai Chest Hospital in 2021. The modified frailty index (mFI) was calculated and the patients were divided into a non-frailty group and a frailty group. The primary outcomes were the incidence of postoperative pulmonary infection, arrhythmia, anastomotic fistula and chylothorax complications. Secondary outcomes were the time of extubation, the rate of unplanned re-intubation, the length of ICU stay, hospital stay, rate of readmission within 30 days after discharge and the mortality within 30 days after operation. Results     Finally 607 patients were collected. There were 273 patients in the non-frailty group and 334 patients in the frailty group. The non-frailty group had lower rates of complications including pulmonary infection (5.5% vs. 13.5%), arrhythmia (3.7% vs. 9.3%), anastomotic fistula (2.9% vs. 7.5%), and shorter ICU stay [2.0 (0.0, 4.0) d vs. 4.0 (1.0, 6.0) d] and in-hospital stay [11.5 (9.5, 13.0) d vs. 13.0 (11.0, 18.0) d], lower rates of the readmission within 30 days (2.9% vs. 6.6%) and the mortality within 30 days (0.4% vs. 1.2%) compared with the frailty group (P<0.05). Conclusion     Frail elderly patients with esophageal cancer have higher rates of postoperative complications. mFI can be used as an objective index to identify high-risk elderly patients with esophageal cancer.

ObjectiveTo explore the difference of learning and memory function between permanent cerebral ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion rat models by filament-occluded method after three weeks of natural recovery, and to observe the changes of brain structure. MethodsA total of 21 SPF male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group (n = 7), permanent ischemia group (n = 7) and ischemia-reperfusion group (n = 7). The latter two group underwent left middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the ischemia-reperfusion group was reperfused after 90 minutes of ischemia. All the rats were tested with Morris Water Maze 16 to 22 days after modeling, to record escape latency in the navigation experiment, as well as first latency, platform quadrant swimming time ratio and distance ratio, boundary swimming time ratio and distance ratio, average speed, and the swimming path in the space exploration experiment. On the 22nd day after modeling, four rats with similar Longa scores in each group were scanned by magnetic resonance by diffusion tensor imaging, to measure the fractional anisotropy (FA) of cerebral ischemic cortex, striatum, hippocampus and their corresponding contralateral regions, to calculate ratio of FA (rFA); as well as the volume of infarct (VI) and ratio of VI (rVI). ResultsFor navigation experiment, the escape latency decreased in all the groups with the time (F = 36.202, P < 0.001), but it was not significant for the permanent ischemia group (F = 4.004, P > 0.05). The escape latency was longer in the permanent ischemia group than in the other two groups at each time points (P < 0.05). For space exploration experiment, the boundary time ratio and distance ratio were more in the permanent ischemia group and the ischemia-reperfusion group than in the sham group (P < 0.017), and the first latency was longer in the permanent ischemia group than in the sham group (P < 0.017). The swimming path of ischemia-reperfusion group and sham operation group was better than that of the permanent ischemia group. FA and rFA in left cortex and striatum were less in the permanent ischemia group and the ischemia-reperfusion group than in the sham group (P < 0.05), while FA and rFA of left cortex and FA of left striatum were less in the permanent ischemia group than in the ischemia-reperfusion group (P < 0.05). The VI and rVI were larger in the permanent ischemia group than in the ischemia-reperfusion group (t > 4.185, P < 0.01). FA and rFA of left cortex and striatum correlated with escape latency, boundary time ratio and distance ratio (|r| > 0.498, P < 0.05). The VI and rVI correlated with escape latency and boundary time ratio (|r| > 0.538, P < 0.05). ConclusionCognitive impairment is more severe in the rat model of permanent cerebral ischemia, which may relate to the larger damage of structure of nerve fibers in ischemic cortex and striatum, and larger infarct size.

Objective:To explore the association of dietary pattern and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk.Methods:In 2013, 3 747 participants from 87 coalmine branches of a large coal mine group in Datong City, Shanxi Province were selected by using a two-stage cluster stratified sampling method. Data on demographic characteristics, smoking, drinking, and family history of diabetes were collected by using a self-made questionnaire, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess the level of physical activity. Physical, glucose and lipid metabolism indicators were measured and subjects were divided into high-risk groups and low-risk groups of T2DM according to the T2DM risk score. Dietary data were collected by using Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire, and dietary patterns were derived by using the exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis. The unconditional logistic regression model was used to assess the association of dietary patterns and T2DM risk.Results:The age of the subjects was(41.48±8.62) years old, and 2 843 of them were males (84.31%). A total of 1 819 subjects were in the high-risk group and 1 553 in the low-risk group. Four dietary patterns, healthy diet, high-salt diet, meats diet, and carbohydrate-rich diet, were identified in this study. The unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the healthy diet pattern, after the adjustment of demographic characteristics, smoking, and drinking, the OR (95% CI) of T2DM risk in high-salt diet, carbohydrate-rich diet and meats diet patterns was 1.54 (1.26-1.88), 1.80 (1.43-2.28) and 1.20 (0.99-1.46), respectively. Conclusion:High-salt diet and carbohydrate-rich diet were positively associated with T2DM risk, whereas there was no association of meats diet and T2DM risk.

Objective: To compare the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease in patients with end-stage renal disease treated with maintenance hemodialysis with that in healthy controls and to investigate the relationship between end-stage renal disease, dental caries and periodontal disease. Methods : A total of 82 maintenance hemodialysis patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected as the case group, and 86 healthy persons who underwent oral examination in the physical examination center were selected as the control group. Dental caries and periodontal conditions were examined in the two groups. The dental caries examination was conducted by determining the number of decayed-missing-filled teeth, which was recorded as recommended by the World Health Organization. The periodontal condition parameters included the plaque index, calculus index, bleeding on probing, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. Results: The prevalence of dental caries in the case group and healthy control group was 87.8% and 81.4%, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The periodontal indexes, including the plaque index, calculus index, probe bleeding index, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level, in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the prevalence of periodontitis in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (97.6% vs 88.4%, P < 0.05). Conclusion The dental caries conditions were comparable between the case group and the control group, but the prevalence and severity of periodontitis were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group.

Objective:To explore the association of dietary pattern and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk.Methods:In 2013, 3 747 participants from 87 coalmine branches of a large coal mine group in Datong City, Shanxi Province were selected by using a two-stage cluster stratified sampling method. Data on demographic characteristics, smoking, drinking, and family history of diabetes were collected by using a self-made questionnaire, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess the level of physical activity. Physical, glucose and lipid metabolism indicators were measured and subjects were divided into high-risk groups and low-risk groups of T2DM according to the T2DM risk score. Dietary data were collected by using Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire, and dietary patterns were derived by using the exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis. The unconditional logistic regression model was used to assess the association of dietary patterns and T2DM risk.Results:The age of the subjects was(41.48±8.62) years old, and 2 843 of them were males (84.31%). A total of 1 819 subjects were in the high-risk group and 1 553 in the low-risk group. Four dietary patterns, healthy diet, high-salt diet, meats diet, and carbohydrate-rich diet, were identified in this study. The unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the healthy diet pattern, after the adjustment of demographic characteristics, smoking, and drinking, the OR (95% CI) of T2DM risk in high-salt diet, carbohydrate-rich diet and meats diet patterns was 1.54 (1.26-1.88), 1.80 (1.43-2.28) and 1.20 (0.99-1.46), respectively. Conclusion:High-salt diet and carbohydrate-rich diet were positively associated with T2DM risk, whereas there was no association of meats diet and T2DM risk.

For a long time, researchers and clinicians have strictly divided fatty liver diseases into alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. When one was diagnosed as alcoholic liver disease, the effects of non-alcoholic factors, including obesity, diabetes or metabolic syndrome, on liver diseases have been neglected. Conversely, when the patient was diagnosed as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the impacts of alcohol drinking are usually ignored. In the new era, physicians and scientific researchers need to pay more attention to the dual factors of alcohol and obesity, which often exist together and affect liver disease progression.This article elaborates on the clinical features of fatty liver disease in the new era from the aspects of changes in the clinical features of alcoholic liver disease, disease pattern of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with drinking, and differential diagnosis of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases.

Objective To explore the effect of exercise training on learning and memory ability in rats with focal cerebral ischemia, and to analyze the changes of brain tissue structure of rats after exercise training through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods Twenty-four SPF male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (n=8), natural recovery group (n=8) and exercise training group (n=8). The left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established. The exercise training group received running wheel training 24 hours after modeling, for 14 days. All groups were tested by the Morris water maze 15 days after modeling. The latency in the navigation experiment, as well as the first latency, boundary swimming time ratio, the boundary swimming distance ratio, the average speed and the swimming path in the space exploration experiment were recorded. Four rats with similar Longa scores in each group received rou-tine magnetic resonance imaging and DTI scanning, the fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (λ‖), and radial diffusivity (λ⊥) of isch-emic cortex and hippocampal lesion and contralateral side were measured. Results In the navigation experiment, the latency of three groups showed a downward trend along with training days (P<0.05). The latency was longer in all the time points in the natural recovery group than in the sham operation group (P<0.05), and was longer in the first three days in the exercise training group than in the sham operation group (P<0.05), however, there was no significant difference between them in the last two days (P>0.05), while it was shorter in the exercise train-ing group than in the natural recovery group in the same time (P<0.05). In the space exploration experiment, the latency, the boundary swim-ming time ratio and the boundary swimming distance ratio were more in the natural recovery group than in the sham operation group (Z>2.627, P<0.01), and the latter two indexes were also higher in the natural recovery group than in the exercise training group (Z>2.521, P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the average speed among three groups (P>0.05). The swimming paths in the exercise training group and the sham operation group were better than that of the natural recovery group. The FA and rFA in the left cortical area were higher in the sham operation group than in the exercise training group and the natural recovery group (P<0.05), however, no significant difference was found between the exercise training group and the natural recovery group (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the FA in the right cortical area among three groups (F=0.532, P=0.607). Theλ⊥,λ‖, rλ‖and rλ⊥in the left cortical area were lower in the sham opera-tion group than in the natural recovery group (P<0.05), and no significant difference was found from the exercise training group to the natu-ral recovery group, nor to the sham operation group (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in theλ⊥andλ‖in the right cortical area among three groups (F<1.030, P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the FA,λ⊥,λ‖and rFA, rλ⊥and rλ‖in the bilateral hippo-campal interest area among three groups (F<1.845, P>0.05). The rFA, rλ‖, rλ⊥and leftλ⊥ were correlated with the latency in the space ex-ploration experiment in the Morris water maze test (P<0.05), in which the correlation coefficient of rλ⊥was the highest (r=0.761, P<0.01). Conclusion Proper exercise training can improve the learning and memory ability of rats with focal cerebral ischemia, and can promote the repair of nerve fiber damage and reduce the vascular edema. In addition, the rFA, rλ‖, rλ⊥andλ⊥of ischemic cortex may be predictors of cognitive function recovery in rats after focal cerebral ischemia, especially rλ⊥.

Recently, herbal medicine including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained huge attention in the world. In 2015, the global trades of herbal medicine reached 93.15 billion US dollars. And, the latest statistics from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of People's Republic of China showed that total sales of Chinese patent medicine and raw herbs reached 120 billion US dollars in 2014. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the situation of international marketing on herbal medicine and how much TCM shared in it. The PubMed database, search engines and government websites and research reports were searched for analyses. The results showed that total trades of TCM products in both domestic and foreign markets, were about 135 billion US dollars, including Chinese patent medicine, raw herbs, herbal extracts, herbal health care products, whose proportion of the global marketing was 80%.

Objective To explore the effects of early exercise on motor function and the mechanism in rats after focal cerebral ischemia. Methods 21 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into control group (n=7), natural recovery group (n=7) and exercise training group (n=7), and the latter 2 groups were modeled with middle cerebral artery occlusion. The exercise training group received wheel running exercise 24 hours after modeling for 14 days. They were assessed with Rogers score and beam balance test 21 days after modeling. 4 rats in each group received routine MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scanning. The fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of ischemic (L) and contralateral side (R) were measured, and the rate of them (L/R, r) was calculated. Results There was significant difference in Rogers score among the groups (Z=-0.786, P<0.001), but no significant difference between the natural recovery group and the exercise training group (P>0.05). Beam balance score of the natural recovery group was significantly different from the control group and the exercise training group (F=38.11, P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the latters (P>0.05). The LFA of the natural recovery group was significantly different from the control group (P<0.05), but not significantly different from the exercise training group (P>0.05);while the rFA of the natural recovery group was significantly different from the control group and the exercise training group (F=19.30, P<0.05). LADC and rADC might be different between the control group and the natural recovery group (P=0.056, P=0.057), but not significantly different between the natural recovery group and the exercise training group (P>0.05). LFA and rFA strongly correlated with all the behavior scores (r=-0.90--0.70, P<0.01); while LADC and rADC moderately correlated with the behavior scores (r=0.50-0.75, P<0.05), except balance (P>0.05). DTT showed that the direction and density of neural fibers were significantly asymmetrical in the natural re-covery group and the exercise training group, and more symmetrical in the exercise training group. Conclusion Early exercise can promote the neural functional recovery in rats after focal cerebral ischemia, which may associate with the improve of conduction of fibers.