The global incidence rate of cancer is increasing yearly,and chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury has become a crucial factor affecting patients'therapeutic prognosis;however,there is currently a lack of effective therapeutic drugs to address this issue.There is thus an urgent need to establish more ideal animal models of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury,to support the exploration of its pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic drugs.This review considered relevant literature published during the period from 2019 to 2024,to provide a comprehensive summary and analysis from several perspectives,including the selection of experimental animals,chemotherapeutic drugs and modeling method,evaluation indicators,and practical applications.Furthermore,we highlight several existing issues with current models,including the lack of standardized modeling method,insufficient research on models with a tumor background,and inadequate exploration of novel cell death mechanisms.This collation of the literature also revealed the gradual emergence of traditional Chinese medicine as a research hotspot,with potential for the treatment of gastrointestinal mucosal injury.Further studies of effective medicines are warranted to identify interventional strategies for chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD)is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions,with certain infectivity and iatrogenic transmission risks.With the rapid progress and application of new dia-gnostic biomarkers and detection methods,as well as the construction and improvement of surveillance and reporting systems,the detection of CJD in patients domestically and internationally has shown an increasing trend year by year.Due to its long incubation period and heterogeneity of early symptoms,early identification and diagnosis of the disease is difficult,increasing the risk of transmission within medical institutions.Currently,there is a lack of con-sensus on the infection prevention and control of CJD.In order to timely identify and diagnose CJD as well as effec-tively block its transmission in medical institutions,this consensus summarizes 15 clinical concerns and formulates 24 specific recommendations based on the latest domestic and international research findings and clinical evidence,as well as combines with clinical practice,aiming to standardize healthcare-associated infection prevention and control measures for CJD and reduce its transmission risk in medical institutions.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD)is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions,with certain infectivity and iatrogenic transmission risks.With the rapid progress and application of new dia-gnostic biomarkers and detection methods,as well as the construction and improvement of surveillance and reporting systems,the detection of CJD in patients domestically and internationally has shown an increasing trend year by year.Due to its long incubation period and heterogeneity of early symptoms,early identification and diagnosis of the disease is difficult,increasing the risk of transmission within medical institutions.Currently,there is a lack of con-sensus on the infection prevention and control of CJD.In order to timely identify and diagnose CJD as well as effec-tively block its transmission in medical institutions,this consensus summarizes 15 clinical concerns and formulates 24 specific recommendations based on the latest domestic and international research findings and clinical evidence,as well as combines with clinical practice,aiming to standardize healthcare-associated infection prevention and control measures for CJD and reduce its transmission risk in medical institutions.

HDAC7, a member of class IIa HDACs, plays a pivotal regulatory role in tumor, immune, fibrosis, and angiogenesis, rendering it a potential therapeutic target. Nevertheless, due to the high similarity in the enzyme active sites of class IIa HDACs, inhibitors encounter challenges in discerning differences among them. Furthermore, the substitution of key residue in the active pocket of class IIa HDACs renders them pseudo-enzymes, leading to a limited impact of enzymatic inhibitors on their function. In this study, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology was employed to develop HDAC7 drugs. We developed an exceedingly selective HDAC7 PROTAC degrader B14 which showcased superior inhibitory effects on cell proliferation compared to TMP269 in various diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Subsequent investigations unveiled that B14 disrupts BCL6 forming a transcriptional inhibition complex by degrading HDAC7, thereby exerting proliferative inhibition in DLBCL. Our study broadened the understanding of the non-enzymatic functions of HDAC7 and underscored the importance of HDAC7 in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, particularly in DLBCL and AML.

From the natural-philosophical model of medicine in ancient Greece to the modern bio-psycho-social par-adigm,the evolution of medical models has always been shaped by philosophy.In classical antiquity,medicine and philosophy were closely intertwined;the natural-philosophical model,exemplified by Hippocrates,emphasized the human body as an integrated whole.During the Renaissance,the rise of experimental science challenged traditional philosophical systems and pushed medicine toward empirical investigation.In the late twentieth century,the bio-psycho-social model emerged to address the limitations of the purely biomedical approach.In the twenty-first centu-ry,the advent of artificial intelligence is driving a new transformation in medicine and continually prompting reflec-tion on the future direction of medical models and their underlying philosophical significance.

A 66-year-old female patient with lung adenocarcinoma was treated with crizotinib [the first-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors] 250 mg twice daily. Prior to treatment, the patient's liver and kidney functions were normal. One month after treatment, her serum creatinine (Scr) was 85 μmol/L, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was 115 U/L. After discontinuing crizotinib for 10 days, both Scr and ALT returned to normal. One month later, the patient underwent a right lower lobectomy. Crizotinib was restarted postoperatively, and she developed symptoms of lower limb edema and poor appetite. After more than 3 months of treatment, her Scr increased to 129 μmol/L, ALT was 96 U/L, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was 83 U/L. Crizotinib was then switched to alectinib (the second-generation ALK inhibitors) 600 mg orally twice daily, and the patient's gastrointestinal symptoms and liver function were rapidly improved. However, her Scr continued to increase gradually (140-150 μmol/L). Renal biopsy pathology indicated IgA nephropathy and acute tubular injury. After 4 months of alectinib treatment, Scr was 174 μmol/L, and the drug was promptly discontinued. One month after discontinuation, Scr decreased to 125 μmol/L. Due to tumor progression, the patient restarted alectinib at a reduced dose (300 mg twice daily). Three months later, Scr increased to 177 μmol/L. Subsequently, alectinib was replaced with lorlatinib (the third-generation ALK inhibitors) 100 mg once daily due to tumor progression. After 6 months of treatment, the tumor condition was controlled, and Scr decreased to 124 μmol/L.

The global incidence rate of cancer is increasing yearly,and chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury has become a crucial factor affecting patients'therapeutic prognosis;however,there is currently a lack of effective therapeutic drugs to address this issue.There is thus an urgent need to establish more ideal animal models of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury,to support the exploration of its pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic drugs.This review considered relevant literature published during the period from 2019 to 2024,to provide a comprehensive summary and analysis from several perspectives,including the selection of experimental animals,chemotherapeutic drugs and modeling method,evaluation indicators,and practical applications.Furthermore,we highlight several existing issues with current models,including the lack of standardized modeling method,insufficient research on models with a tumor background,and inadequate exploration of novel cell death mechanisms.This collation of the literature also revealed the gradual emergence of traditional Chinese medicine as a research hotspot,with potential for the treatment of gastrointestinal mucosal injury.Further studies of effective medicines are warranted to identify interventional strategies for chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury.

A 66-year-old female patient with lung adenocarcinoma was treated with crizotinib [the first-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors] 250 mg twice daily. Prior to treatment, the patient's liver and kidney functions were normal. One month after treatment, her serum creatinine (Scr) was 85 μmol/L, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was 115 U/L. After discontinuing crizotinib for 10 days, both Scr and ALT returned to normal. One month later, the patient underwent a right lower lobectomy. Crizotinib was restarted postoperatively, and she developed symptoms of lower limb edema and poor appetite. After more than 3 months of treatment, her Scr increased to 129 μmol/L, ALT was 96 U/L, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was 83 U/L. Crizotinib was then switched to alectinib (the second-generation ALK inhibitors) 600 mg orally twice daily, and the patient's gastrointestinal symptoms and liver function were rapidly improved. However, her Scr continued to increase gradually (140-150 μmol/L). Renal biopsy pathology indicated IgA nephropathy and acute tubular injury. After 4 months of alectinib treatment, Scr was 174 μmol/L, and the drug was promptly discontinued. One month after discontinuation, Scr decreased to 125 μmol/L. Due to tumor progression, the patient restarted alectinib at a reduced dose (300 mg twice daily). Three months later, Scr increased to 177 μmol/L. Subsequently, alectinib was replaced with lorlatinib (the third-generation ALK inhibitors) 100 mg once daily due to tumor progression. After 6 months of treatment, the tumor condition was controlled, and Scr decreased to 124 μmol/L.

Objective:To compare the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasound and MRI in fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA).Methods:The clinical data of patients with suspected FAVA who underwent ultrasound and MRI examinations at Henan Provincial People’s Hospital from January 2011 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The imaging findings from ultrasound and MRI were analyzed, and then compared with the pathological findings. To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasound and MRI in diagnosing FAVA by assessing sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and coincidence rate. Paired χ2 test (McNemar test) was used to compare the coincidence rate of ultrasound and MRI, as well as their combined diagnosis. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:A total of 50 patients were included in the study, comprising 24 males and 26 females, with their ages ranging from 1 to 50 years and an average age of (16.2 ± 10.5) years. Pathology confirmed 43 FAVA patients and 7 non-FAVA patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and coincidence rate of ultrasound in the diagnosis of FAVA were 83.7%, 71.4%, 94.7%, 41.7%, and 82.0%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and coincidence rate of MRI in the diagnosis of FAVA were 69.8%, 85.7%, 96.8%, 31.6%, and 72.0%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and coincidence rate of FAVA were 90.7%, 71.4%, 95.1%, 55.6%, and 88.0%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound was higher than that of MRI, but the difference was not statistically significant ( χ2 = 1.41, P = 0.235). The coincidence rate of combined diagnosis was higher than that of ultrasound ( χ2= 0.71, P = 0.401) and MRI ( χ2= 4.00, P = 0.039), with a statistically significant difference. Conclusion:Both ultrasound and MRI are highly valuable in diagnosing FAVA. The combined usage of ultrasound and MRI can enhance the accuracy of preoperative FAVA diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of volatile oil of Ligusticum chuanxiong on the transdermal properties and cytotoxicity of triptolide in vitro. METHODS The chemical constituents of the volatile oil of L. chuanxiong were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The lower abdominal skin of KM mice was separated and divided into triptolide group， triptolide in compatibility with volatile oil of L. chuanxiong groups at 1∶10， 1∶50， 1∶100 （hereinafter referred to as “compatibility 1∶10”“compatibility 1∶50”“compatibility 1∶100” groups）. After the skin of mice in each group was fully exposed to 0.2 g of the corresponding cream for 24 h， the cumulative transdermal dose （Qn） of triptolide in the receiving solution of each group was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography， and the transdermal absorption rate （Jss） was calculated. Human immortalized keratinocytes （HaCat） were used as a model， the CCK-8 method was used to detect the cell survival rate of different concentrations of the volatile oil of L. chuanxiong and triptolide before and after compatibility. RESULTS A total of 62 chemical constituents of the volatile oil of L. chuanxiong were identified， including Z-ligustilide， senkyunolide， and β-selinene. The Qn （P＜ 0.01） and Jss of triptolide increased within 24 h in the compatibility 1∶10 and 1∶50 groups， while the Qn （P＜0.05） and Jss decreased in the compatibility 1∶100 group as compared with the triptolide group. Compared with the triptolide group， the cell survival rate of HaCat was significantly increased in the compatibility 1∶10 and 1∶50 groups when the triptolide concentrations were 36， 72 and 144 ng/mL （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； while the cell survival rate of HaCat was decreased in the compatibility 1∶100 group， but the difference was not statistically significant （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS When the compatibility ratio of triptolide and volatile oil of L. chuanxiong was 1∶10 or 1∶50， it can promote the transdermal absorption of triptolide and reduce the cytotoxicity of triptolide to HaCat.