Objective To establish an epirubicin (EPI)-resistant murine triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (4T1/EPI) cell line and evaluate its biological characteristics and drug resistance. Methods The EPI-resistant cell line 4T1/EPI was developed through intermittent induction with gradually increasing EPI concentrations in vitro. Morphological changes were observed under an inverted microscope. Drug resistance index (MTT assay), cell doubling time (CCK-8 assay), and migration ability (wound healing assay) were evaluated. Western blot was used to detect the expression of drug resistance-related proteins. Transcriptome sequencing and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed to identify the pathways and targets involved in EPI resistance, followed by experimental validation. Results The 4T1 cells eventually grew normally in a medium containing 100 ng/mL EPI, confirming the establishment of the 4T1/EPI resistant cell line. After stable resistance was acquired, morphological alterations were observed. Compared with their parental 4T1 cells, 4T1/EPI cells showed significantly prolonged doubling time (P<0.01) and enhanced migration ability (P<0.05). Expression levels of drug resistance-related proteins MDR1, MRP1 (P<0.01), and ABCG2 (P<0.05) were elevated in 4T1/EPI cells. In vivo models also demonstrated significant EPI resistance in 4T1/EPI tumors in terms of tumor weight and volume. Transcriptome sequencing highlighted the involvement of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and ABC transporter pathway. Validation experiments showed the upregulation of Erbb3, Egfr, PI3K, and Akt (P<0.05) and significant downregulation of Fgfr1 (P<0.01) in 4T1/EPI cells. Conclusion The EPI-resistant TNBC cell line 4T1/EPI was successfully established, exhibiting significant resistance in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism may involve the EPI-induced upregulation of Egfr and Erbb3, activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and subsequently enhancing ABC transporter expression.

Intestinal fibrosis is a major complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), leading to a high incidence of surgical interventions and significant disability. Despite its clinical relevance, no targeted pharmacological therapies are currently available. This review aims to explore the underlying mechanisms driving intestinal fibrosis and address unresolved scientific questions, offering insights into potential future therapeutic strategies. We conducted a literature review using data from PubMed up to October 2024, focusing on studies related to IBD and fibrosis. Intestinal fibrosis results from a complex network involving stromal cells, immune cells, epithelial cells, and the gut microbiota. Chronic inflammation, driven by factors such as dysbiosis, epithelial injury, and immune activation, leads to the production of cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. These mediators activate various stromal cell populations, including fibroblasts, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. The activated stromal cells secrete excessive extracellular matrix components, thereby promoting fibrosis. Additionally, stromal cells influence the immune microenvironment through cytokine production. Future research would focus on elucidating the temporal and spatial relationships between immune cell-driven inflammation and stromal cell-mediated fibrosis. Additionally, investigations are needed to clarify the differentiation origins of excessive extracellular matrix-producing cells, particularly fibroblast activation protein (FAP) + fibroblasts, in the context of intestinal fibrosis. In conclusion, aberrant stromal cell activation, triggered by upstream immune signals, is a key mechanism underlying intestinal fibrosis. Further investigations into immune-stromal cell interactions and stromal cell activation are essential for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent, alleviate, and potentially reverse fibrosis.
Humans ; Fibrosis/metabolism* ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology* ; Animals ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism* ; Intestines/pathology*

Objective To clarify the active ingredients and the potential molecular mechanism of Guben Qushi Huayu Prescription in treating psoriasis recurrence.Methods An ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)was applied to analyze the whole formula and the constituents absorbed into blood of Guben Qushi Huayu Prescription,and molecular docking technology was used to study the binding affinity of the constituents absorbed into blood with psoriasis-related immunomodulatory proteins such as CD69 and CD103 proteins.Results Mass spectrometry analysis identified 21 active ingredients such as paeoniflorin in Guben Qushi Huayu Prescription,including several known anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory compounds.Analysis of the constituents absorbed into blood identified 11 ingredients,including paeoniflorin,that may affect the course of psoriasis through blood circulation.Molecular docking studies revealed that the constituents absorbed into blood,including astilbin,isoastilbin,chlorogenic acid,neochlorogenic acid,cryptochlorogenic acid,helicine,paeoniflorin,ononin,all had high binding affinities with CD69 and CD103 proteins.Conclusion This research reveals the main active ingredients of Guben Qushi Huayu Prescription and their potential mechanism for regulating the recurrence of psoriasis by mass spectrometry and molecular docking technology,contributing to providing scientific basis for further pharmacological research and clinical application.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the changing trend of hospital-acquired infections(HAIs)in hospitals from 2017 to 2023,and identify the distribution of different departments,infection sites and pathogens,so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of HAI.METHODS During the study period,the HAI data were col-lected and classified by year,department and infection site.Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of HAI rate,calculate the average annual percentage change(AAPC),and evaluate the distribution of infec-tion sites and pathogenic bacteria.RESULTS The overall infection situation showed that the average HAI rate was 1.19％,with a trend of increasing first and then decreasing during the study period,and AAPC was 8.33％(95％CI:0.025-0.173).The infection rate was the highest in the emergency department with an AAPC of 13.51％(95％CI:0.074-0.250),while the infection rates in the department of traditional Chinese medicine and orthope-dics were relatively stable.Lower respiratory tract infections accounted for the major proportion,followed by uri-nary tract infections and bloodstream infections.The AAPC for lower respiratory tract infections was 18.64％.The pathogenic analysis showed that bacterial infections were mainly gram-negative bacteria,with Kleb-siella pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Acinetobacter baumannii being the most common pathogens causing HAI.CONCLUSIONS The results of the study reveal that significant differences in HAI rates among dif-ferent departments and infection sites,especially the increasing infection rate in the emergency department should be highly concerned.In view of the persistent high incidence of respiratory and urinary tract infections,it is recom-mended to strengthen the relevant prevention and control measures.To effectively reduce the incidence of HAIs,it is necessary to focus on the monitoring and management of drug-resistant pathogens in the future.

Objective To investigate the underlying mechanisms of vitamin D treatment improves early-stage renal damage in hypertensive mice.Methods From December 2022 to December 2023,peripheral blood samples were collected from 20 hypertensive patients with early-stage renal injury and healthy controls.ELISA was used to detect interleukin-6(IL?6),C?reactive protein(CRP)and reactive oxygen species(ROS).RT?qPCR and Western blot were utilized to measure the expression of Klotho and disulfidptosis?related proteins[glucose transporter 1(GLUT1),glucose transporter 3(GLUT3)and solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11)].A mouse model of hypertension with early?stage renal damage was established and treated with vitamin D.Kidney tissue samples were collected for HE staining and ELISA to assess inflammatory factors,and RT?qPCR and Western blot were used to examine the expression of Klotho and disulfidptosis?related proteins.Results Compared to the control group,the level of IL?6,CRP and ROS was significantly increased in the hypertensive patients with early?stage renal damage(P<0.05).The expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 was significantly increased,while the expression of Klotho and SLC7A11 was significantly decreased(P<0.05).In the mouse model of hypertension with early?stage renal dam?age,HE staining showed that the level of inflammatory factors in the model group was significantly higher than that in control group.Vitamin D suppressed the level of inflammatory factors,increased the expression of Klotho and SLC7A11 and inhibited the expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the model group(P<0.05).Conclusions Vitamin D treatment effectively improves inflammatory response in hypertensive mice with early renal injury.

To understand the current epidemiological status and biological characteristics of avian paramyxoviruses(APMV)in wild birds in China,a total of 1 384 fecal samples of wild birds were collected in eight provinces(autonomous regions),including Ningxia,in 2023,to detect avian pa-ramyxovirus infections by viral isolation and RT-PCR.Positive samples were subjected to F gene sequence amplification and genetic evolutionary analyses.The results showed that 10 strains of APMV were isolated and identified from 1 384 wild bird feces samples with a positive rate of 0.72％.Out of the 10 strains,4 strains were APMV-1,which was in the same branch to the Ameri-can goose APMV-1 strain and had the homology ranging from 93％to 97.3％.Three strains of APMV-4 were in the same branch with the Russian duck APMV-4 strain and the Russian pintail APMV-4 strain,with homology ranging from 99.1％to 99.5％.Three strains were APMV-6,they were in the same branch with the Russian ruddy bladdered duck APMV-6 strain,with homology ranging from 98.7％to 99.20％.The intracerebral inoculatable pathogenicity index(ICPI)of the four strains for 1-day-old chicks ranged from 0 to 0.48,which was low in pathogenicity for chick-ens.The above results enriches the epidemiological information and the biological characteristics of avian paramyxovirus in wild birds in China,which provides a reference for the early warning,scien-tific prevention and control of this disease.

OBJECTIVE To establish the an optimal prediction model for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter bau-mannii(CRAB)infection in ICU patients based on machine learning(ML)so as to help clinicians to diagnose and make decisions.METHODS The clinical data were collected from the patients who were hospitalized in ICUs of a three-A hospital from Jan.1,2017 to Dec.31,2024 and were randomly divided into the training set and the test set in a 7∶3 ratio.The characteristic variables were selected by means of LASSO regression analysis in combina-tion with multivariate logistic regression analysis.Five types of M L classification models were integrated,the opti-mal model was analyzed and identified.The performance of the prediction model for CRAB infection in the ICU patients was evaluated with the use of sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,areas under receiver operating characteris-tic curves(AUCs),calibration curves,Hosmer-Lemeshow test and decision curve analysis(DCA).The outputs of the ML models were interpreted by Shapley additive explanations(SHAP)and permutation importance.RESULTS A total of 2 904 patients were enrolled in the study,695(23.93％)of whom had CRAB infection.The AUC of XGBoost model was highest in the training set and the test set,respectively(0.994 and 0.907).The result of Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the calibration curves of the XGBoost model indicated that the predicated risk was highly con-sistent with the observed risk(x2=7.323 and 4.609,P=0.513 and 0.764,respectively).The DCA curves showed that the XGBoost model performed best within the whole range of threshold,with the highest net profit.The length of ICU stay,use of tigecycline,central venous catheterization,use of carbapenems and use of ventilator were determined as the major predictive factors by means of SHAP.CONCLUSIONS The XGBoost model is established and interpreted by SHAP.It provides bases for screening of the ICU patients at high risk of CRAB infection.

OBJECTIVE To establish the an optimal prediction model for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter bau-mannii(CRAB)infection in ICU patients based on machine learning(ML)so as to help clinicians to diagnose and make decisions.METHODS The clinical data were collected from the patients who were hospitalized in ICUs of a three-A hospital from Jan.1,2017 to Dec.31,2024 and were randomly divided into the training set and the test set in a 7∶3 ratio.The characteristic variables were selected by means of LASSO regression analysis in combina-tion with multivariate logistic regression analysis.Five types of M L classification models were integrated,the opti-mal model was analyzed and identified.The performance of the prediction model for CRAB infection in the ICU patients was evaluated with the use of sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,areas under receiver operating characteris-tic curves(AUCs),calibration curves,Hosmer-Lemeshow test and decision curve analysis(DCA).The outputs of the ML models were interpreted by Shapley additive explanations(SHAP)and permutation importance.RESULTS A total of 2 904 patients were enrolled in the study,695(23.93％)of whom had CRAB infection.The AUC of XGBoost model was highest in the training set and the test set,respectively(0.994 and 0.907).The result of Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the calibration curves of the XGBoost model indicated that the predicated risk was highly con-sistent with the observed risk(x2=7.323 and 4.609,P=0.513 and 0.764,respectively).The DCA curves showed that the XGBoost model performed best within the whole range of threshold,with the highest net profit.The length of ICU stay,use of tigecycline,central venous catheterization,use of carbapenems and use of ventilator were determined as the major predictive factors by means of SHAP.CONCLUSIONS The XGBoost model is established and interpreted by SHAP.It provides bases for screening of the ICU patients at high risk of CRAB infection.

To understand the current epidemiological status and biological characteristics of avian paramyxoviruses(APMV)in wild birds in China,a total of 1 384 fecal samples of wild birds were collected in eight provinces(autonomous regions),including Ningxia,in 2023,to detect avian pa-ramyxovirus infections by viral isolation and RT-PCR.Positive samples were subjected to F gene sequence amplification and genetic evolutionary analyses.The results showed that 10 strains of APMV were isolated and identified from 1 384 wild bird feces samples with a positive rate of 0.72％.Out of the 10 strains,4 strains were APMV-1,which was in the same branch to the Ameri-can goose APMV-1 strain and had the homology ranging from 93％to 97.3％.Three strains of APMV-4 were in the same branch with the Russian duck APMV-4 strain and the Russian pintail APMV-4 strain,with homology ranging from 99.1％to 99.5％.Three strains were APMV-6,they were in the same branch with the Russian ruddy bladdered duck APMV-6 strain,with homology ranging from 98.7％to 99.20％.The intracerebral inoculatable pathogenicity index(ICPI)of the four strains for 1-day-old chicks ranged from 0 to 0.48,which was low in pathogenicity for chick-ens.The above results enriches the epidemiological information and the biological characteristics of avian paramyxovirus in wild birds in China,which provides a reference for the early warning,scien-tific prevention and control of this disease.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the changing trend of hospital-acquired infections(HAIs)in hospitals from 2017 to 2023,and identify the distribution of different departments,infection sites and pathogens,so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of HAI.METHODS During the study period,the HAI data were col-lected and classified by year,department and infection site.Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of HAI rate,calculate the average annual percentage change(AAPC),and evaluate the distribution of infec-tion sites and pathogenic bacteria.RESULTS The overall infection situation showed that the average HAI rate was 1.19％,with a trend of increasing first and then decreasing during the study period,and AAPC was 8.33％(95％CI:0.025-0.173).The infection rate was the highest in the emergency department with an AAPC of 13.51％(95％CI:0.074-0.250),while the infection rates in the department of traditional Chinese medicine and orthope-dics were relatively stable.Lower respiratory tract infections accounted for the major proportion,followed by uri-nary tract infections and bloodstream infections.The AAPC for lower respiratory tract infections was 18.64％.The pathogenic analysis showed that bacterial infections were mainly gram-negative bacteria,with Kleb-siella pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Acinetobacter baumannii being the most common pathogens causing HAI.CONCLUSIONS The results of the study reveal that significant differences in HAI rates among dif-ferent departments and infection sites,especially the increasing infection rate in the emergency department should be highly concerned.In view of the persistent high incidence of respiratory and urinary tract infections,it is recom-mended to strengthen the relevant prevention and control measures.To effectively reduce the incidence of HAIs,it is necessary to focus on the monitoring and management of drug-resistant pathogens in the future.