To summarize the distribution characteristics of human papillomavirus(HPV) infection types in patients with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion(SIL) and cervical cancer(CC), and to explore the impact of HPV vaccination, HPV infection types, and general clinical data on different grades of cervical lesions.

Objective To investigate the trends in the global burden due to cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2021, and to predict the global burden of cystic echinococcosis from 2022 to 2035, so as to provide insights into formulation of the cystic echinococcosis control strategy. Methods The global age-standardized prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) of cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2021 were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database, and the trends in the global burden of cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed using the Joinpoint regression model. The associations between the global burden of cystic echinococcosis and socio-demographic index (SDI) were examined using a smoothing spline model and frontier analysis, and the global burden of cystic echinococcosis was projected from 2022 to 2035 using the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model. Results The global agestandardized prevalence, mortality and DALYs rates of cystic echinococcosis were 7.69/10⁵ [95% UI: (6.27/10⁵, 9.51/10⁵)], 0.02/10⁵ [95% UI: (0.01/10⁵, 0.02/10⁵)], and 1.32/10⁵ [95% UI: (0.99/10⁵, 1.69/10⁵)] in 2021. The global age-standardized prevalence of cystic echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a rise by 0.14% per year from 1990 to 2021, and the global age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates of cystic echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline by 4.68% and 4.01% per year from 1990 to 2021, respectively. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that global age-standardized prevalence of cystic echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2000 [annual percent change (APC) = −0.66%, 95% confidence interval (CI): (−0.70%, −0.61%)] and from 2005 to 2015 [APC = −0.88%, 95% CI: (−0.93%, −0.82%)], and towards a rise from 2000 to 2005 [APC = 3.68%, 95% CI: (3.49%, 3.87%)] and from 2015 to 2021 [APC=0.30%, 95%CI: (0.19%, 0.40%)].Theagestandardized prevalence (r = −0.17, P < 0.05), mortality (r = −0.67, P < 0.05) and DALYs rates of cystic echinococcosis (r = −0.60, P < 0.05) all correlated negatively with SDI across 21 geographical regions from 1990 to 2021, and the age-standardized mortality (r = −0.61, P < 0.05) and DALYs rates (r = −0.44, P < 0.05) both correlated negatively with SDI across 204 countries and territories in 2021. Frontier analysis revealed that the age-standardized DALYs rate of cystic echinococcosis was still not in line with the frontier in some high-SDI countries or territories. In addition, the global age-standardized prevalence was projected with the BAPC model to appear a tendency towards a rise among both men [estimated annual percent change (EAPC) = 0.18%, 95% CI: (0.13%, 0.23%)] and women [EAPC = 0.29%, 95% CI: (0.24%, 0.34%)] from 2022 to 2035, and the global age-standardized mortality [men: EAPC = −4.71%, 95% CI: (−4.71%, −4.37%); women: EAPC = −4.74%, 95% CI: (−4.74%, −4.74%)] and DALYs rates [men: EAPC = −3.35%, 95% CI: (−3.36%, −3.34%); women: EAPC = −3.17%, 95% CI: (−3.18%, −3.16%)] were projected to appear a tendency towards a decline among both men and women. Conclusions The global burden of cystic echinococcosis appeared an overall tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021; however, the global prevalence of cystic echinococcosis is projected to appear a tendency towards a rise from 2022 to 2035. Intensified cystic echinococcosis control programmes are recommended.

Objective To explore the mediating role of occupational well-being in the relationship between professional identity and safety behavior among nurses. Methods A total of 1 006 nurses from ten tertiary general hospitals in eight provincial administrative regions were selected as the research subjects using convenient sampling method. Their safety behavior, professional identity and occupational well-being were investigated using Nurse Safety Behavior Scale, Nurse Professional Identity Scale and Occupational Well-being Scale. Structural equation modeling was performed using AMOS 26.0 to examine the mediating effect of occupational well-being in the relationship between professional identity and safety behavior among nurses. Results The scores for safety behavior, professional identity, and occupational well-being were (53.0±6.1), (123.7±21.2) and (90.8±13.1), respectively. Safety behavior was positively correlated with both professional identity and occupational well-being (correlation coefficients were 0.50 and 0.50, respectively, both P<0.01). Professional identity was positively correlated with occupational well-being (correlation coefficient was 0.51, P<0.01). The multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the higher the professional identity and occupational well-being of nurses, the higher the level of safety behavior (both P<0.05). The result of mediating effect shows that the total effect of occupational identity on safety behavior was 0.498 [95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.405-0.576], and occupational well-being played a mediating role between professional identity and safety behavior among nurses with the mediation effect of 0.156 (95%CI was 0.112-0.205), accounting for 31.33% of the total effect. Conclusion The safety behavior of nurses is at a moderate level. Both professional identity and occupational well-being can affect the safety behavior of nurses. Professional identity can increase the safety behavior of nurses by affecting occupational well-being.

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the clinical implications of endothelial cell-specific molecule 1(ESM-1)in obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)patients,with particular focus on its dynamic correlation with adhesion molecules,aiming to elucidate the regulatory role of ESM-1 in OSA-associated vascular endothelial impairment.METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled participants undergoing polysomnography(PSG)at the Sleep Medicine Center of Beijing Anzhen Hospital,Capital Medical University between March 2017 and January 2018.Based on the inclusion criteria,161 participants were ultimately included and divided into OSA group(n=118)and control group(n=43).Demographic data and polysomnography parameters were collected.We used a powerful high-throughput Multiplex Immunobead Assay technology to simultaneously test plasm cytokines levels of ESM-1,inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1),vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(VCAM-1).Circulating C-reactive protein(CRP)and homocysteine(Hcy)were detected by routine blood chemistry panel.RESULTS Circulating ESM-1 levels were significantly elevated in patients with OSA compared with healthy controls[819.73(612.36-1393.47)pg/ml]vs.[286.17(114.48-513.81)pg/ml,P<0.001].After adjusting for confounding factors,we found that circulating ESM-1 levels were an independent risk factor for OSA(odds ratio=2.162,95%CI=1.522-3.072,P<0.001)and circulating ESM-1 levels were positively associated with ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels(β=1.977,95%CI=1.429-2.734,P<0.001).CONCLUSION Circulating ESM-1 levels were significantly increased in patients with OSA,which is closely related with adhesion molecules levels.ESM-1 may be a surrogate endothelial dysfunction marker and an independent risk factor for OSA.

Objective:To explore the learning curve of primary urologists mastering Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for the treatment of large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Methods:The clinical data of 92 patients with larger volume BPH who received HoLEP performed by a urologist in Beijing Friendship Hospital Pinggu Campus, Capital Medical University were retrospectively reviewed. 92 patients were divided into group A (1-23 cases, n=23), group B (24-46 cases, n=23), group C (47-69 cases, n=23), and group D (70-92 cases, n=23) based on the sequence of surgery. The clinical characteristics, including prostate volume, operation time, enucleation efficiency, indwelling catheter time, decrease value of hemoglobin, intraoperative blood transfusion, perioperative complications, and international prostate symptom score (IPSS), quality of life (QOL) score, Qmax, and postvoid residual urine (PVR) at 3 months postoperatively were compared between the four groups. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation ( ± s), one-way analysis of variance was used for comparisons among multiple groups, and t-test was used for comparisons between two groups. Count data were expressed as the cases and percentage, and the Chi-square test was used for comparison between groups. Results:There were significant differences among the four groups in terms of operation time [(94.43±8.26) min, (86.39±5.89) min, (70.70±5.64) min, (64.70±4.23) min, P=0.001], enucleation efficiency [(0.90±0.08) mL/min, (1.01±0.07) mL/min, (1.23±0.12) mL/min, (1.34±0.12) mL/min, P=0.001], decrease value of hemoglobin [(25.98±1.39) g/L, (23.27±1.49) g/L, (20.03±1.07) g/L, (18.49±0.96) g/L, P=0.001] and indwelling catheter time [(5.91±1.54) d, (5.35±1.27) d, (3.39±0.72) d, (3.04±0.64) d, P=0.001]. Compared with group C and group D, the operation time was longer, the enucleation efficiency was lower, the decrease value of hemoglobin before and after the operation was higher, and the indwelling catheter time was longer, the above differences were all statistically significant ( P<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between group A and group B, or group C and group D ( P>0.05). Among the 92 patients, only 3 patients received blood transfusion during operation, including 2 patients in group A and 1 patient in group B. 2 patients underwent surgical complications during the perioperative period. Among them, 1 patient suffered bladder wall injury due to improper operation of the tissue pulverizer in group A, and 1 patient developed prostatic capsule perforation in group B. Furthermore, after 56 cases of operation, a primary urologist can perform HoLEP surgery quickly and safely. Conclusion:The learning curve of a primary urologist mastering HoLEP for larger volume (≥ 80 mL) BPH was 56 procedures, and the operation efficiency and safety were significantly improved.

Standardized reporting is a crucial factor affecting the use of patient guidelines （PGs）， particularly in the reporting and presentation of recommendations. This paper introduced the current status of PG reporting， including the research on PG content and presentation formats， and provided comprehensive recommendations for PG reporting from aspects such as overall framework， recommendations， presentation format， and readability. First， the presentation of PG recommendations should include clearly defined clinical questions， recommendations and their rationale， and guidance on how patients should implement the interventions； for specific content in the PG， such as level of evidence， level of recommendation， it is recommended to explain in text the reasons for giving different levels of recommendation， i.e.， to present the logic behind giving the level of recommendation to the patient； additional information needed in the recommendation framework should be supplemented by tracing references or authoritative textbooks and literature that support the recommendations. Subsequently， the PG text should be written based on the Reporting Checklist for Public Versions of Guidelines （RIGHT-PVG） reporting framework. Finally， to enhance readability and comprehension， it is recommended to refer to the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool （PEMAT） for translating PG content. To enhance the readability of PGs， it is suggested to present the PG content in a persona-lized and layered manner.

To reduce the subjectivity and uncertainty present in the current international methods of drug value pricing when converting value into monetary prices,based on the hedonic pricing theory,it considers the post-negotiation price between manufacturers and payers as a reasonable price reference in the value pricing of Chinese patent medicine.By constructing an indicator system for the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine,it selects and measures the value characteristic variables that affect the price of Chinese patent medicine.It serves as the theoretical foundation and research basis for establishing a Hedonic price model between characteristic price variables and negotiation prices,thereby promoting the enhancement of rationality and objectivity in value-guided pricing of Chinese patent medicine.

To reduce the subjectivity and uncertainty present in the current international methods of drug value pricing when converting value into monetary prices,based on the hedonic pricing theory,it considers the post-negotiation price between manufacturers and payers as a reasonable price reference in the value pricing of Chinese patent medicine.By constructing an indicator system for the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine,it selects and measures the value characteristic variables that affect the price of Chinese patent medicine.It serves as the theoretical foundation and research basis for establishing a Hedonic price model between characteristic price variables and negotiation prices,thereby promoting the enhancement of rationality and objectivity in value-guided pricing of Chinese patent medicine.

To reduce the subjectivity and uncertainty present in the current international methods of drug value pricing when converting value into monetary prices,based on the hedonic pricing theory,it considers the post-negotiation price between manufacturers and payers as a reasonable price reference in the value pricing of Chinese patent medicine.By constructing an indicator system for the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine,it selects and measures the value characteristic variables that affect the price of Chinese patent medicine.It serves as the theoretical foundation and research basis for establishing a Hedonic price model between characteristic price variables and negotiation prices,thereby promoting the enhancement of rationality and objectivity in value-guided pricing of Chinese patent medicine.

To reduce the subjectivity and uncertainty present in the current international methods of drug value pricing when converting value into monetary prices,based on the hedonic pricing theory,it considers the post-negotiation price between manufacturers and payers as a reasonable price reference in the value pricing of Chinese patent medicine.By constructing an indicator system for the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine,it selects and measures the value characteristic variables that affect the price of Chinese patent medicine.It serves as the theoretical foundation and research basis for establishing a Hedonic price model between characteristic price variables and negotiation prices,thereby promoting the enhancement of rationality and objectivity in value-guided pricing of Chinese patent medicine.