ObjectiveTo explore the distribution of pharyngeal microbiota in coal miners exposed to dust. Methods Eight coal miners who had been engaged in occupational dust exposure for more than 20 years were selected as the dust-exposed group, and four coal miners who were not exposed to dust at work were selected as the control group using the judgment sampling method. Pharyngeal secretions of the coal miners were collected with throat swabs, and its pharyngeal microbiota was analyzed. The diversity, abundance and evenness of the microbiota were analyzed by gene sequencing using the 16sRNA gene high-throughput sequencing technology. Results A total of 254 operational taxonomic units of pharyngeal microbiota were detected in the coal miners in the control group, which was 210 more than that in the dust-exposed group. The Chao1 index, Shannon index, PD-tree index and Pielou index of pharyngeal microbiota in the dust-exposed group decreased compared with the control group (all P<0.01). The abundance of Bacteroidetes and Clostridum, at the phylum level, in the pharynx of coal miners in the dust-exposed group was higher than that in the control group (all P<0.05). The abundance of Prevotella, Neisseria, and Monas, at the genus level, in the pharynx of coal miners in the dust-exposed group was higher than that in the control group(all P<0.05), while the abundance of Lactobacillus decreased (P<0.05). The analysis results of the receiver operating characteristic curve showed that Lactobacillus, Fusobacterium and Rothia may play a role for pharyngeal microbiota imbalance prediction in dust-exposed workers, and the area under the curves were all 1.00±0.00. Conclusion The species diversity and evenness of pharyngeal microbiota in coal miners exposed to dust are decreased, which may be related to the continuous inhalation of coal dust that disrupts the microbial environment of the throat.

Objective:To study the clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods and genotypes of neonatal chronic granulomatous disease(CGD).Methods:From April 2013 to August 2020, neonates admitted to our hospital, diagnosed with neonatal CGD and confirmed using neutrophil respiratory burst test and genetic testing were retrospectively studied. Their clinical characteristics and diagnostic methods were summarized.Results:A total of eleven neonates with CGD were enrolled, including ten males and one female. The age of onset was 3-23 d and the age of admission was 11-28 d. 3 cases had family history. The initial symptoms were fever (10 cases) and coughing (1 case). The accompanying symptoms included coughing (6 cases), dyspnea (4 cases), skin pustules (3 cases), fever (1 case) and diarrhea (1 case). Lung CT showed patchy shadows (6 cases), pulmonary nodules (3 cases), round and irregular high-density shadow (1 case), pulmonary consolidation (1 case), pleural effusion (1 case) and pleural thickening (2 cases). CGD was pathologically diagnosed in one patient. Sputum culture showed Candida albicans (3 cases), Aspergillus fumigatum (2 cases), Aspergillus fumigatum combined with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli (1 case), Aspergillus fumigatum combined with Staphylococcus aureus (1 case). GM tests were positive in two cases and negative in other two cases. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were negative. White blood cell counts were (10.0-44.0)×10 9/L and C-reactive proteins were (14-165) mg/L. 11 cases had positive neutrophil respiratory burst test. Genetic tests showed CYBB gene mutations (9 cases) , NCF1 gene mutation(1 case) and NCF2 gene mutation (1 case). All cases received antibacterial and antifungal treatments for 2-5 weeks and were discharged with improvement. 8 patients survived, 5 received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 4 succeeded and one failed and continued to survive on oral medication. 3 cases took sulfamethoxazole, voriconazole or itraconazole orally for long periods. 3 cases died of severe infections after withdrawal of medication. Conclusions:Neonatal CGD is characterized by lung infections. Pulmonary CT shows mostly nodular or patchy shadows with occasional pulmonary consolidation or pleural effusion. It can be diagnosed by neutrophil respiratory burst test and genetic testing. X-linked CYBB gene mutations are common and autosomal recessive NCF1/NCF2 gene mutations less common.

Objective:To summarize the clinical features and prognosis of neonates with congenital fissure of larynx due to choking, and improve the diagnosis and treatment of congenital fissure of larynx by neonatal medical professionals.Methods:This study was a single-center retrospective case series report.With "choking" as the key word, combined with the information from the first page of the medical record, we searched in the electronic medical record system, and summarized the clinical characteristics and prognosis of neonates diagnosed as congenital fissure of larynx.The study period was from January 2017 to February 2021.Results:A total of seven cases were diagnosed as congenital fissure of larynx, accounting for 2.2% of the total number of hospitalized children due to choking during the same period.Among them, six cases were male, gestational age was 38 (36, 39) weeks, birth weight was 2 820 (2 255, 3 420) g, admission age was 18(5, 20) days and hospitalization duration was 26 (6, 45) days.The common clinical symptoms were choking (7/7) and cyanosis (5/7). Six of the seven children with fissure of larynx were clearly classified as type Ⅰ(two cases), type Ⅲ(three cases), and type Ⅳ(one case). All the seven cases were accompanied by other site/tracheal malformations or congenital abnormalities, among which four (4/7) cases had VACTERL syndrome.A total of three children (two cases of type Ⅲ and one case of type Ⅳ) underwent laryngeal cleft repair operation, and all died shortly after surgery.Four cases didn′t receive laryngeal cleft repair operation (two cases of type Ⅰ, one case of type Ⅲ, one case of parting was unknown), one case with type Ⅰ fissure of larynx accepted the tracheoesophageal fistula repair operation only, who was followed up until the age of two years and six months, and he could have normal diet, one case of typeⅠfissure of larynx with gastric tube discharge, who was followed up to one year and eight months old, could be normal diet too, the two cases of children with no difference between the growth with their peers; one case with type Ⅲ fissure of larynx was lost to follow-up; One case, whose classification was unknown, was followed up until he was 40 days old, and still could be fed orally.The physical development of the child was significantly behind that of the same age.Conclusion:Congenital fissure of larynx is rare, with choking as its main symptom and other malformations.Diagnosis and classification require fiberlaryngoscope and bolting laryngoscope under general anesthesia combined with bronchoscopy, which is difficult to treat.Type Ⅰ has a good prognosis, while type Ⅲ and Ⅳ have poor prognosis.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics and trends of women who underwent induced abortion in recent years, and to provide more evidences to decrease induced abortion rate.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on women who underwent induced abortions in the Family Planning Department of Women and Children’s Hospital of Xiamen University from January 2014 to December 2018.Results:Of the 28 529 women with induced abortion, the age was (28.77±5.78) years old. Women aged 25-34 years accounted for 58.1%, 67.0% of women were married, 62.5% had a history of delivery, 24.0% were in their first pregnancies, 30.3% had induced abortion for twice, 21.5% were for three times and more (the maximum frequency of induced abortion was 14). About 16.1％ induced abortion women had a history of cesarean section，and rate showed an increasing trend in the five years (16.2%, 15.0%, 15.9%, 16.6%, 16.9%), but the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.054). From 2014 to 2018, the age of induced abortion women [(28.05±5.69) years, (28.47±5.62) years, (28.70±5.80) years, (29.03±5.81) years, (29.59±5.82) years, P<0.001] and the percentages of married women （63.2%, 66.8%, 66.9%, 67.2%, 70.9%）, women with two or more children （11.8%, 15.4%, 20.2%, 25.2%, 32.2%） and women undergoing at least a second abortion over 35 years old （21.7%, 22.1%, 23.4%, 26.7%, 29.9%） increased every year (all P<0.001). However, among the induced abortion women, the percentages of unmarried women （36.8%, 33.2%, 33.1%, 32.8%, 29.1%）, women who haven’t bear children （42.9%, 38.4%, 37.8%, 36.3%, 32.4%）, women with the first pregnancy （26.2%, 23.8%, 24.7%, 23.4%, 21.8%） and women under 24 years old （29.3%, 25.3%, 24.7%, 24.1%, 21.5%） decreased during the five years period (all P<0.001). Conclusion:The incidence rate of induced abortion among married women with children is the highest, so special attention should be paid to postpartum women in family planning services, and it is urgent to launch postpartum contraceptive services and promote long-term reversible contraceptive measures.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between folic acid supplementation and the risk of preeclampsia (PE).Methods:A total of 9 048 pregnant women were selected from the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University in Taiyuan from March 2012 to September 2016. Among them, 882 pregnant women with PE were divided into case group, and 8 166 pregnant women without PE were divided into control group. Information on demographic characteristics, folic acid supplementation, maternal complications, and other factors were collected by face-to-face interviews after child birth in the hospital. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between folic acid supplementation and the risk of PE and the effects of pre-pregnancy BMI on the relationship of folic acid supplementation with the risk of PE.Results:Compared with nonusers, folic acid supplement users had reduced risk of PE ( OR=0.79, 95 %CI: 0.64-0.96). Folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy were negatively related with the risk of PE ( OR=0.63, 95 %CI: 0.49-0.81). Pregnant women who used folic acid tablets only or used both folic acid tablets and multivitamin containing folic acid had reduced risk of PE ( OR=0.81, 95 %CI: 0.66-0.99; OR=0.64, 95 %CI: 0.49-0.85). No significant relationship was observed in the multivitamin group. Supplemental folic acid doses of <400, 400, and >400 μg/d were related with reduced risk of PE ( OR=0.62, 95 %CI: 0.42-0.91; OR=0.81, 95 %CI: 0.66-0.99; OR=0.68, 95 %CI: 0.49-0.94). After stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI, pregnant women who used folic acid supplementation, those with pre-pregnancy BMI<24.0 kg/m 2 had reduced risk of PE ( OR=0.75, 95 %CI: 0.59-0.96). However, no significant relationship was observed in women with pre-pregnancy BMI≥24.0 kg/m 2. Conclusions:Folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy were related with reduced risk of PE. Pre-pregnancy BMI might affect the relationship between folic acid supplementation and the risk of PE. Appropriate folic acid supplementation should be recommend for women with different pre-pregnancy BMI.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics and trends of women who underwent induced abortion in recent years, and to provide more evidences to decrease induced abortion rate.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on women who underwent induced abortions in the Family Planning Department of Women and Children’s Hospital of Xiamen University from January 2014 to December 2018.Results:Of the 28 529 women with induced abortion, the age was (28.77±5.78) years old. Women aged 25-34 years accounted for 58.1%, 67.0% of women were married, 62.5% had a history of delivery, 24.0% were in their first pregnancies, 30.3% had induced abortion for twice, 21.5% were for three times and more (the maximum frequency of induced abortion was 14). About 16.1％ induced abortion women had a history of cesarean section，and rate showed an increasing trend in the five years (16.2%, 15.0%, 15.9%, 16.6%, 16.9%), but the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.054). From 2014 to 2018, the age of induced abortion women [(28.05±5.69) years, (28.47±5.62) years, (28.70±5.80) years, (29.03±5.81) years, (29.59±5.82) years, P<0.001] and the percentages of married women （63.2%, 66.8%, 66.9%, 67.2%, 70.9%）, women with two or more children （11.8%, 15.4%, 20.2%, 25.2%, 32.2%） and women undergoing at least a second abortion over 35 years old （21.7%, 22.1%, 23.4%, 26.7%, 29.9%） increased every year (all P<0.001). However, among the induced abortion women, the percentages of unmarried women （36.8%, 33.2%, 33.1%, 32.8%, 29.1%）, women who haven’t bear children （42.9%, 38.4%, 37.8%, 36.3%, 32.4%）, women with the first pregnancy （26.2%, 23.8%, 24.7%, 23.4%, 21.8%） and women under 24 years old （29.3%, 25.3%, 24.7%, 24.1%, 21.5%） decreased during the five years period (all P<0.001). Conclusion:The incidence rate of induced abortion among married women with children is the highest, so special attention should be paid to postpartum women in family planning services, and it is urgent to launch postpartum contraceptive services and promote long-term reversible contraceptive measures.

Objective To study the etiology and clinical features of arrhythmia in neonates with cardiac cardiomegaly.Method A retrospective study was conducted on newborns with arrhythmia hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of our Hospiatal from January 2016 to May 2018.The eases were assigned into arrhythmia with cardiac enlargement group and non-benign arrhythmia without cardiac enlargement group cardiomegaly.The etiology,clinical features and prognosis of newborns with arrhythmia and cardiac enlargement were analyzed.Result There were 15 newborns with arrhythmia accompanied with cardiac enlargement,all of them were non-benign arrhythmias,which accounted for 26.8％ (15/56) of all non-benign arrhythmias in the same period.The causes included infections viral myocarditis,pneumonia and digestive tract infection,electrolytes and acid-base imbalance hypocalcemia,hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis,structural cardiac abnormalities,metabolic cardiomyopathy,nodular sclerosis and indwelling central venous catheter.The median age of onset was 9 (0,19) days,and the median medical history was 2 (1,7) days,the significance of which were not different from those of non-benign arrhythmias without cardiac enlargement group (41 cases).The rate of cesarean section and ventricular rate＞160 bpm at admission were higher than those in the non-benign arrhythmias without cardiac enlargement group.12 of 15 cases began with weak responses,poor appetite and dyspnea.The common arrhythmia types were paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (6 cases),atrial tachycardia (4 cases) and atrial flutter (4 cases).The proportion of atrial flutter was higher than that of the non-benign arrhythmias without cardiac enlargement group.8 cases received respiratory support.The average length of stay was (18.4±8.6) days.The mortality rate during hospitalization was 6.7％.The echocardiographic results showed that left atrioventricular enlargement and ejection fraction of left ventricle less than 60％ during arrhythmic episode.The cardiac size and systolic functions of left ventricle reverting to normal after improvement.During the follow-up period,1 case died and 2 cases lost to follow-up,all of them were discharged against medical advice.The median follow-up time of other cases was 1.6 (1.3,2.2) years.All of them recovered well without abnormalities in cardiac size or cardiac function by echocardiography.Conclusion Most newborns with arrhythmia accompanied by cardiac enlargement had insidious onset.Tachyarrhythmia was common and infection was the main cause.Attention should be paid to screening of rare causes in clinical practice.Non-benign arrhythmias with or without cardiac enlargement have no significant difference in the overall prognosis by active treatment.

Objective To summarize the gene mutation,treatment and prognosis of neonatal congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) cases.Method The gene mutation and treatment of newborn infants who were admitted to the neonatal center of Beijing Children's Hospital between February 2015 and February 2018 with confirmed CHI diagnosis and whole exome sequencing (WES) results were retrospectively summarized.Result Totally 8 infants (5 boys and 3girls) were included.The onset age was (13.2±6.1) h (2 h ～ 2 d).The main clinical presentations were inactivity,seizures and poor feeding.Among the 8 patients,3 were positively responded to diazoxide,5 were negative and then been treated by octreotide.Among these 5 cases,3 were positively responded to octreotide (with stable blood glucose level after discharged home and till 6 months of age) and 2 were negative to both diazoxide and octreotide (1 had partial pancreatectomy afterwards but still had 1～2 episodes pf hypoglycemia till 6 months post-operational periods,another 1 died with unknown detail information soon after the parents quit further medical intervention).All 8 cases had heterozygous gene mutations.7 out of the 8 cases were ABCC8 gene (encoding islet beta-cell potassium channel protein sulfonylurea receptor protein SUR1) mutation on different sites including c.4414G＞A,c.221G＞A,c.1773C＞G,c.4352T＞C,c.2924-9C＞T,c.4198+ 1G＞T,c.2509C＞T,c.2331G＞A,c.4316A＞G and c.47G＞C.Among these 7 cases,3 were complicated heterozygous mutations with completely no response to diazoxide (2 out of the 3 were positively responded to octreotide,1 out of the 3 was negative to octreotide)and the other 4 were simple heterozygous mutations (2 out of the 4 were positively responded to diazoxide,1 out of the 4 was negative to diazoxide but positive to octreotide,and 1 out of the 4 was negative to both diazoxide and octreotide).1 out of the 8 cases was heterozygous GLUD1 gene mutation at c.1388A＞T site and had positive therapeutic responses to diazoxide.All 5 out of the 8 cases with negative therapeutic response to diazoxide had ABCC8 gene mutation.Conclusion ABCC8 gene encoding islet beta-cellpotassium channel protein sulfonylurea receptor protein SUR1 is the most common gene to have mutation io CHI.Mutations at multiple sites of this gene may cause CHI.Various therapeutic responses to medications might be related to different types of gene mutation.

Objective: To investigate the relations between dietary intake during pregnancy and the incidence of their babies with small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: Data on demographics, dietary intake of protein, fat, and carbohydrates of the pregnant mothers during the first, second and third trimester, were collected. Information related to birth weight and gestational age of the infants were also gathered. A total of 8 102 women, who delivered their babies at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from March 2012 to September 2016, were enrolled in this project. Among them, 961 mothers had infants with SGA but the other 7 141 of them having normal infants. Unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of dietary nutrient intake on SGA the first, second and third trimester. Results: We found that low dietary intake of protein during the first trimester and following trimesters during pregnancy were positively associated with higher risk of SGA (OR=1.534, 95%CI: 1.217-1.934; OR=1.268, 95%CI: 1.005-1.599; OR=1.310, 95%CI: 1.036-1.655). When adjusting for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, we found that when mothers were with a pre-pregnancy BMI less than 18.5 or with low maternal intake of protein during the first trimester, positive association with higher risk of SGA (OR=1.872, 95%CI: 1.033-3.395; OR=1.754, 95%CI: 1.125-2.734), was noticed. However, for mothers with a pre-pregnancy BMI between 18.5 and 24.0 or with low protein intake during the first trimester, significant association with higher risk of SGA (OR=1.465, 95%CI: 1.089-1.972) was found. Conclusions Through our observation, maternal dietary intake during pregnancy seemed to be associated with the risk of SGA but the effects of dietary intake were different, according to the BMI of pre-pregnancy population. Early pregnancy appeares as the key period for dietary intake which may influence the SGA.

Objective? To explore the application effect of multi-form training assessment in clinical training of geriatric nursing specialties. Methods? By convenience sampling, a total of 34 nurses under training from 14 hospitals in Beijing were selected in December 2018, and divided into experimental group(n=17) and control group(n=17) randomly. The control group adopted the traditional teaching method. A practical demand-oriented training course based on the characteristics of geriatric nursing specialties was established, and various forms of training were used, multi-station assessment of the training effect was conducted in the experimental group. The training lasted for one month in both groups. The assessment scores and satisfaction degree were compared between the groups. Results? In the experimental group, the student nurses＇ elderly patient management test score (95.0±7.5), the elderly patients specialist nursing test station test score(97.0±6.7), and the emergency response test station test score (99.0±4.5) were all higher than the control group with (86.0±8.8), (80.0±10.5), (88.0±7.6) respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.01); the difference between the two groups of student nurses in satisfaction degree towards trainers was not statistically significant (P＞0.05); there were statistical differences between the two groups in teaching curriculum, teaching method, teaching contents, and assessment forms in both of the groups (P＜ 0.01); the overall satisfaction degree was 97.6%(83/85) in the experimental group, higher than the control group with 62.3%(53/85) and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=38.594,P＜0.001). Conclusions? Multi-form training is suitable for teaching nurses in clinical geriatric specialty. It can improve the test scores and learning satisfaction of the student nurses. Scientific curriculum, multi-form teaching methods and multi-station assessment are the key in the improvement of training quality.