Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) refer to a group of diseases occurring on the oral mucosa that harbor the potential to progress into oral squamous cell carcinoma, including oral leukoplakia, oral erythroplakia, discoid lupus erythematosus of the oral mucosa, oral submucous fibrosis, oral lichen planus, actinic cheilitis, etc. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one type of diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, with a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Hyperglycemia is the characteristic metabolic change in DM patients and those in the pre-diabetic stage, playing a determinative role in many complications related to DM. A number of clinical studies had revealed an association between hyperglycemia and OPMD, as well as its malignant transformation. This article will review the potential regulatory effects and mechanisms of high glucose states, such as diabetes, on OPMD, and assess the correlation between hyperglycemia and the malignant transformation of OPMD.

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) refer to a group of diseases occurring on the oral mucosa that harbor the potential to progress into oral squamous cell carcinoma, including oral leukoplakia, oral erythroplakia, discoid lupus erythematosus of the oral mucosa, oral submucous fibrosis, oral lichen planus, actinic cheilitis, etc. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one type of diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, with a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Hyperglycemia is the characteristic metabolic change in DM patients and those in the pre-diabetic stage, playing a determinative role in many complications related to DM. A number of clinical studies had revealed an association between hyperglycemia and OPMD, as well as its malignant transformation. This article will review the potential regulatory effects and mechanisms of high glucose states, such as diabetes, on OPMD, and assess the correlation between hyperglycemia and the malignant transformation of OPMD.

Objective To investigate the correlation between plasma cystatin C (CysC) level and carotid atherosclerotic plaque in patients with ischemic stroke.Methods The clinical data in patients with acute ischemic stroke were analyzed retrospectively.According to the results of carotid artery ultrasound,the patients were divided into either a non-plaque group or a plaque group.Then the plaque group was redivided into a stable plaque subgroup and a vulnerable plaque subgroup.Multivariate logistic regression analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were used to explore the risk factors for carotid atherosclerotic plaque.Results A total of 226 patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled,172 of them had carotid plaque,and 54 had no plaque.Of the patients with carotid plaque,94 were stable plaque and 78 were vulnerable plaque.The age (71.82 ± 9.94 years vs.60.74 ± 13.81 years; t =6.160,P =0.014),proportion of patients with ischemic heart disease (11.6％ vs.1.9％; x2=6.169,P=0.020),systolic blood pressure (148.770± 21.007 mm Hg vs.142.240 ± 19.404 mm Hg; t =2.029,t =0.044),plasma CysC concentration (1.046 ± 0.438 mg/L vs.0.860 ±0.214 mg/L; t =3.006,P =0.003),and carotid IMT (1.122 ±0.278 mm vs.0.878 ±0.250 mm; t =5.762,P=0.000) in the plaque group were significantly higher than those in the non-plaque group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the age (odds ratio [OR] 1.079,95％ confidence interval [CI] 1.044-1.116; P=0.000) and IMT (OR 31.450,95％ CI 6.233-158.692; P=0.000) was the independent risk factor for carotid plaque,while there was no significant independent correlation between the plasma CysC level and carotid plaque (P =0.217).Only IMT in the stable plaque subgroup was significantly higher than the vulnerable plaque group (1.176 ±0.285 mm vs.1.058 ±0.258 mm; t =-2.824,P =0.005),and it was the independent protective factor for the carotid plaque stability (OR 0.195,95％ CI 0.059-0.064; P =0.007).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the plasma CysC level was positively correlated with the age (r =0.375,P =0.000) and serum creatinine level (r =0.462,P =0.000),but it was not significantly correlated with carotid IMT (r =0.075,P =0.264).Conclusions In patients with ischemic stroke,no correlations were found between the plasma CysC level and carotid atherosclerotic plaque,plaque stability,and IMT.