ObjectiveTo improve the quality and service performance of community visual health services in Shanghai, and to establish a set of reasonable and effective evaluation index system for community visual health services. MethodsCentered on the national and Shanghai-based visual health policies and based on the current status and development trends of community visual health service program in Shanghai, the candidate indicators were formed through literature review and expert interviews, firstly. The framework of an evaluation index system was formulated through qualitative research successively, which was further revised and perfected using the Delphi method. Coefficient weights were calculated using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), culminating in the establishment of the community visual health evaluation index system, lastly. ResultsA total of 22 visual health experts from district-level center for disease control, hospital ophthalmology and leaders in charging of visual health service in community health centers participated in the Delphi questionnaire survey, with a questionnaire recovery rate of 100% and an expert authority coefficient of 0.86, indicating high credibility. After a round of correspondence to experts’ importance ratings and discussions, a comprehensive evaluation index system comprising 3 primary indicators, 12 secondary indicators, and 47 tertiary indicators, along with 5 additional indicators, was finalized. ConclusionAn index system tailored to effective evaluation for community visual health initiatives was drawn up in this study, which can promote the capacity building in community eye health services, facilitating the high-quality development of visual health courses, and enhancing residents’ eye health.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the severe microvascular complications of diabetes, which can lead to irreversible retinal damage and significant visual impairment.Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its derivative tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), as hydrophilic bile acids, exhibit multiple cytoprotective effects including anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and show promising potential in the prevention and treatment of DR.This article reviews the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of UDCA/TUDCA on the retinal neurovascular unit under high glucose conditions.Studies have demonstrated that UDCA/TUDCA protects retinal neurons from high glucose-induced damage by inhibiting mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways and the JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway, maintains the integrity of retinal vascular endothelial cells and pericytes by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress and reducing vascular leakage, and alleviates retinal inflammation by downregulating the expression of inflammatory factors and inhibiting microglial activation.Moreover, UDCA/TUDCA exerts its protective effects by binding to bile acid receptors, such as TGR5, on retinal cells and activating related signaling pathways.UDCA/TUDCA holds great potential in the treatment of DR, and future research should focus on optimizing delivery methods and dosages to provide new strategies for the early prevention and treatment of DR.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the severe microvascular complications of diabetes, which can lead to irreversible retinal damage and significant visual impairment.Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its derivative tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), as hydrophilic bile acids, exhibit multiple cytoprotective effects including anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and show promising potential in the prevention and treatment of DR.This article reviews the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of UDCA/TUDCA on the retinal neurovascular unit under high glucose conditions.Studies have demonstrated that UDCA/TUDCA protects retinal neurons from high glucose-induced damage by inhibiting mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways and the JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway, maintains the integrity of retinal vascular endothelial cells and pericytes by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress and reducing vascular leakage, and alleviates retinal inflammation by downregulating the expression of inflammatory factors and inhibiting microglial activation.Moreover, UDCA/TUDCA exerts its protective effects by binding to bile acid receptors, such as TGR5, on retinal cells and activating related signaling pathways.UDCA/TUDCA holds great potential in the treatment of DR, and future research should focus on optimizing delivery methods and dosages to provide new strategies for the early prevention and treatment of DR.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common type of diabetic microvascular complications.Its pathogenesis has not been clarified yet.Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) is a family of transmembrane proteins that regulate glucose transport.Previous studies have found the expression of its family members SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the retina, suggesting SGLT have a potential impact on the occurrence of DR.The abnormal sodium-dependent glucose uptake of retinal pericytes mediated by SGLT2 may be involved in the early microangiopathy process of DR, while SGLT inhibitors can weaken the morphological and functional impairment of retinal cells caused by hyperglycemia and therefore potentially manage DR.A recent study has found that the polymorphism of the SLC5A2 gene encoding SGLT2 is associated with the risk of DR occurrence.SGLT2 inhibitors are currently used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and have been found to help prevent secondary cardiovascular and renal diseases.However, there are few studies on the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in DR.Current research results suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors have a protective effect on DR, which may be achieved through mechanisms such as controlling DR-related risk factors, protecting the retinal microvascular system and alleviating nerve-related retinopathy.This review summarizes the effects of SGLT on the pathogenesis of DR, the latest research progress of SGLT2 inhibitors studies on prevention and treatment of DR as well as possible protective mechanisms.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic progressive retinal disease caused by sustained hyperglycemia, which has become one of the leading causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in China.Nevertheless, factors that contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of DR remain unclear.Previous research has revealed that some environmental pollutants including particulate matter, H 2S, cobalt, cadmium, cesium, phthalic acid esters, methylglyoxal and 2-piperidone can potentially increase the risk or progression of DR through the related pathways of oxidative stress, inflammatory response and vascular endothelial growth factor.To clarify the causal and dose-response relationship between exposure to environmental pollutants and DR, further investigation is required to explore the detailed mechanisms.Moreover, longitudinal studies with quantified measurements of environmental exposures are also needed.This article reviews recent epidemiological research and the potential mechanisms of correlation between DR and air pollution, heavy metal pollution and chemical pollution.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the quality of care of diabetes in Shanghai, China. A total of 173 235 patients with type 2 diabetes in 2017 were included in the analysis. Profiles of risk factors and intermediate outcomes were determined. The patients had a mean age of 66.43 ± 8.12 (standard deviation (SD)) years and a mean diabetes duration of 7.95 ± 5.53 (SD) years. The percentage of patients who achieved the target level for HbA_1c (< 7.0%) was 48.6%. Patients who achieved the target levels for blood pressure (BP) < 130/80 mmHg and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) < 2.6 mmol/L reached 17.5% and 34.0%, respectively. A total of 3.8% achieved all three target levels, and the value increased to 6.8% with an adaptation of the BP target level (< 140/90 mmHg) for those over 65 years. Multivariable analysis identified the factors associated with a great likelihood of achieving all three target levels: male, young age, short diabetes duration, low body mass index, macrovascular complications, no microvascular complications, prescribed with lipid-lowering medication, and no prescription of antihypertensive medication. In conclusion, nearly 50% and one-third of the patients with diabetes met the target levels for HbA_1c and LDL-c, respectively, with a low percentage achieving the BP target level. The percentage of patients who achieved all three target levels needs significant improvement.
Aged ; Blood Pressure ; China/epidemiology* ; Cholesterol, LDL/therapeutic use* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy* ; Glycated Hemoglobin A/analysis* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective: To investigate the refractive progression and associated factors of children of different ages and refractive status, and to provide guidance on myopia prevention and control program formulation and work practice. Methods: A total of 20 kindergartens, primary schools, and secondary schools in 2 districts of Shanghai were selected based on the existing cohort, and baseline data in 2015 and one year follow up data in 2016 were collected from 1 510 children aged 4 to 14, including cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL), and corneal curvature. The distribution and progression of SER and AL in children of different ages and refractive status were analyzed, and the influencing factors of SER progression (ΔSER) were explored using multiple linear regression. Results: ΔSER remained relatively stable at age 4 and 5 (average -0.08 to -0.07 D/year), and SER drifted significantly towards myopia (average -0.50 to -0.31 D/year) in all groups older than 6 years, dropping back to -0.44 to -0.33 D/year after age 11; Elongation of AL (ΔAL) was 0.27 to 0.35 mm/year in 4 to 10 years group, and decreased to 0.15 to 0.22 mm/year in 11 to 14 years group. The ΔSER and ΔAL were greatest in the new onset myopes [(-0.90± 0.05 )D, (0.51±0.02)mm], followed by the low myopia group [(-0.68±0.04)D, (0.36±0.02)mm], then followed by the moderate to high myopia group[(-0.49±0.06)D，(0.23±0.03)mm] and the lowest in the hyperopia group[(-0.21±0.02)D, ( 0.26 ±0.01)mm], with a statistically significant difference among these groups ( P <0.05). Age ( β =-0.07), baseline SER ( β = 0.05 ) and ΔAL ( β =-0.78) were independent influencing factors for refractive progression in the 4 to 10 years old group, while ΔAL( β =-1.55) was the only independent influencing factor in the 11 to 14 years old group ( P <0.05). Conclusion The elongation of AL in preschoolers is mostly physiologically and should be prevented from growing beyond the physiological range by increasing outdoor activities. The primary students, as well as students with pre myopia or low myopia are the priority groups for dynamic monitoring and intervention in myopia prevention and control.

Objective:To understand the changing trend and influencing factors of lens power (LP) in children aged 3-12 in Jing'an District, Shanghai.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.One hundred and thirty-one eyes of 131 patients with refractive errors were included in the Optometry Clinic of Shanghai Eye Hospital from October 2019 to January 2020.The 1% atropine sulfate was employed to dilate pupils for children aged 6 years or younger, and 0.5% topiramate for children older than 6 years.The axial length, mean keratometry (Km), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured using an IOL Master.The spherical equivalent (SE) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured after cycloplegia using autorefractor and phoropter, and the LP was calculated using the Bennett formula.The patients were divided into different age groups, including 3-4 years group (16 eyes), 5-6 years group (20 eyes), 7-8 years group (25 eyes), 9-10 years group (33 eyes) and 11-12 years group (37 eyes). There were 57 eyes in the male group and 74 eyes in the female group.The patients were also divided into different refractive groups, including mild myopia group (38 eyes), moderate myopia group (12 eyes), high myopia group (25 eyes), emmetropia group (11 eyes), mild hyperopia group (9 eyes), moderate hyperopia group (13 eyes), and high hyperopia group (23 eyes). The differences in ocular biological parameter measurements between different age groups, different gender groups and different refractive groups were compared and the correlations between age, eye parameters and LP were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis.The contribution of multiple influencing factors to LP was analyzed by multiple linear regression models.The study protocol followed the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by an Ethics Committee of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Hospital (No.2020KY018). Written informed consent was obtained from each guardian of the subject.Results:The average LP of children in the 3-4 years group, 5-6 years group, 7-8 years group, 9-10 years group and 11-12 years group were (27.35±1.88), (24.71±1.92), (22.92±1.87), (21.49±1.54) and (21.25±1.55) D, respectively.With the increase of age, the LP value was decreased gradually.There were significant differences between 3-4 years group and 5-6 years group, 5-6 years group and 7-8 years group, 7-8 years group and 9-10 years group (all at P<0.05). The average LP value of girls was obviously higher than that of boys ( t=-3.38, P<0.01). The LP value of the high myopia group was significantly lower than that of the emmetropia group, and the LP values of the moderate myopia and the low myopia group were significantly lower than that of the hyperopia group, and the LP values of the low hyperopia group and the moderate hyperopia group were significantly higher than that of the emmetropia group (all at P<0.05). The LP value was negatively correlated with age, AL, ACD and CCT ( r=-0.76, -0.79, -0.38, -0.18; all at P<0.05), and was positively correlated with SE and LT ( r=0.62, P<0.05; r=0.68, P<0.01). There was no obvious correlation between Km and LP ( r=0.07, P=0.45). The independent influencing factors of LP were analyzed through multiple linear regression equations, showing that LP=-0.430×AL+ 0.329×LT-0.267×age-0.108×gender-0.084×CCT (male=1, female=0). The standardized coefficients of each factor arranged in descending order were AL, LT, age, gender and CCT (all at P<0.05). Conclusions:The LP of children aged 3-12 in Jing'an District of Shanghai decreases with age and increases with SE.LP values of girls are higher than those of boys.

Objective:To explore the potential of Taenia solium (Ts) 14-3-3.3 protein as a candidate molecule for cysticercosis vaccine. Methods:Sixty Kunming mice with the body weight of 18 - 22 g were selected and divided into 3 groups according to their body weight via the random number table method, including normal saline control group (control group), Ts14-3-3.3 recombinant protein vaccine group (vaccine group), and Ts14-3-3.3 recombinant protein vaccine + adjuvant group (vaccine + adjuvant group), with 20 mice in each group. The multi-point subcutaneous injection method was adopted. After the first immunization at 0 week, the booster immunization was carried out twice, a total of 3 times, with an interval of 2 weeks. Four mice in the three groups were killed at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the first immunization, and the blood of eyeballs and spleen were collected aseptically for serum separation and preparation of spleen lymphocytes suspension [treatment: cell suspension, antigen-stimulate and concanavalin (Con) A-stimulate], respectively. The levels of mouse serum specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgG2a, IgG1 and IgE were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proliferation level of mouse spleen lymphocytes was detected via the CCK-8 method. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-13 and IL-10 in culture supernatant of mouse spleen lymphocytes were determined by double-antibody sandwich ELISA.Results:The IgG, IgG2a, and IgG1 levels of the vaccine and vaccine + adjuvant groups immunized for 2 to 8 weeks were higher than those of the control group, and the above indicators of the vaccine + adjuvant group were higher than those of the vaccine group ( P < 0.05). With the same treatment between the groups, the proliferation levels of spleen lymphocytes and the levels of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-13, and IL-10 in the culture supernatant after 2 - 8 weeks of immunization were statistically significantly different ( P < 0.05); the proliferation levels of spleen lymphocytes and the levels of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-13 and IL-10 in the culture supernatant of the vaccine and vaccine + adjuvant groups immunized for 2 to 8 weeks were higher than those of the control group, and the above indicators of the vaccine + adjuvant group were higher than those of the vaccine group ( P < 0.05). When treatment was different in the group, the proliferation levels of spleen lymphocytes and the levels of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-13 and IL-10 in the culture supernatant of the antigen-stimulate and ConA-stimulate were higher than those of the cell suspension, and the above indicators of the ConA-stimulate were higher than those of the antigen-stimulate ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:The recombinant protein vaccine of Ts14-3-3.3 can induce an effective immune response in mice.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important cause of blindness globally, and its prevalence is increasing. Early detection and intervention can help change the outcomes of the disease. The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years has led to new possibilities for the screening and diagnosis of DR. An AI-based diagnostic system for the detection of DR has significant advantages, such as high efficiency, high accuracy, and lower demand for human resources. At the same time, there are shortcomings, such as the lack of standards for development and evaluation and the limited scope of application. This article demonstrates the current applications of AI in the field of DR, existing problems, and possible future development directions.
Artificial Intelligence ; Blindness ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis* ; Humans ; Mass Screening