Neural oscillatory changes play a critical role in pain and analgesia research. Previous studies on pain-related neural oscillations have primarily utilized electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectral analysis, revealing a strong correlation between alpha ( α) power and subjective pain perception. However, alpha power may be influenced by the baseline of the power spectrum, making it difficult to accurately capture the true changes in alpha oscillations. This study employed power spectral analysis and further applied a power spectral parameterization method, which decomposed the power spectrum into periodic and aperiodic components, to compare EEG α power in 50 primiparous women who underwent severe pain during the first stage of labor before and after epidural analgesia. The results indicated no significant differences in α power between pre- and post-analgesia conditions. However, following power spectral parameterization, the aperiodic component of the EEG significantly decreased after analgesia, whereas the periodic component of α power showed a significant increase. This study not only validates the effectiveness and validity of the power spectral parameterization method in analgesia research but also uncovers the differential regulatory mechanism by which analgesia modulates the periodic and aperiodic components of α oscillations.
Humans ; Electroencephalography/methods* ; Female ; Adult ; Alpha Rhythm ; Pregnancy ; Young Adult ; Analgesia, Epidural

Objective To investigate the protective effect of electrical stimulation-induced auditory brainstem response(EABR)monitoring on the cochlear nerve pathway during acoustic neuroma surgery.Methods The data of 36 patients who underwent acoustic neuroma surgery were studied,all surgeries were performed using the middle fossa approach.Among them,18 cases were monitored intraoperatively using EABR monitoring 4 times as the mo-nitoring group,while the other 18 cases underwent surgery without monitoring as the control group.The monito-ring group,preoperatively,there were 7 ears classified as grade A,6 ears as grade B,and 5 ears as grade C.The preoperative pure tone average thresholds(0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0 kHz)were 37.60±16.95 dB HL,and the maximum tumor diameter was 13.76±4.37 mm.The control group,preoperatively,there were 4 ears classified as grade A,7 ears as grade B,and 7 ears as grade C.The preoperative pure tone average was 46.80±22.64 dB HL,and the max-imum tumor diameter was 13.74±4.26 mm.Results In the monitoring group,except for the first monitoring,the V-wave evoked rate was 72.22％(13/18),and for the remaining three times,it was 100.00％(18/18).The mini-mum current stimulation intensity that could evoke the V-wave was 0.5 mA,and the V-wave latency was 3.97±0.17 ms.Follow-up was conducted for both groups of patients within 1 to 3 months postoperatively.In the monito-ring group,there were 7 ears classified as grade A,4 ears as grade B,4 ears as grade C,and 3 ears as grade D.Among them,3 patients experienced hearing loss after surgery,and the postoperative pure tone average was 52.20±38.35 dB HL.In the control group,there was 1 ear classified as grade A,1 ear as grade B,6 ears as grade C,and 10 ears as grade D.Among them,10 patients experienced hearing loss after surgery,and the postoperative pure tone average was 90.90±37.28 dB HL.Conclusion EABR monitoring during the resection of acoustic neuroma not only has positive significance for improving the hearing protection rate of acoustic neuroma surgery,but also assists the surgeons in identifying the cochlear nerve during surgery.The integrity of the auditory nerve pathway is protec-ted to the greatest extent for possible cochlear implanting.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of electrical stimulation-induced auditory brainstem response(EABR)monitoring on the cochlear nerve pathway during acoustic neuroma surgery.Methods The data of 36 patients who underwent acoustic neuroma surgery were studied,all surgeries were performed using the middle fossa approach.Among them,18 cases were monitored intraoperatively using EABR monitoring 4 times as the mo-nitoring group,while the other 18 cases underwent surgery without monitoring as the control group.The monito-ring group,preoperatively,there were 7 ears classified as grade A,6 ears as grade B,and 5 ears as grade C.The preoperative pure tone average thresholds(0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0 kHz)were 37.60±16.95 dB HL,and the maximum tumor diameter was 13.76±4.37 mm.The control group,preoperatively,there were 4 ears classified as grade A,7 ears as grade B,and 7 ears as grade C.The preoperative pure tone average was 46.80±22.64 dB HL,and the max-imum tumor diameter was 13.74±4.26 mm.Results In the monitoring group,except for the first monitoring,the V-wave evoked rate was 72.22％(13/18),and for the remaining three times,it was 100.00％(18/18).The mini-mum current stimulation intensity that could evoke the V-wave was 0.5 mA,and the V-wave latency was 3.97±0.17 ms.Follow-up was conducted for both groups of patients within 1 to 3 months postoperatively.In the monito-ring group,there were 7 ears classified as grade A,4 ears as grade B,4 ears as grade C,and 3 ears as grade D.Among them,3 patients experienced hearing loss after surgery,and the postoperative pure tone average was 52.20±38.35 dB HL.In the control group,there was 1 ear classified as grade A,1 ear as grade B,6 ears as grade C,and 10 ears as grade D.Among them,10 patients experienced hearing loss after surgery,and the postoperative pure tone average was 90.90±37.28 dB HL.Conclusion EABR monitoring during the resection of acoustic neuroma not only has positive significance for improving the hearing protection rate of acoustic neuroma surgery,but also assists the surgeons in identifying the cochlear nerve during surgery.The integrity of the auditory nerve pathway is protec-ted to the greatest extent for possible cochlear implanting.

Objective To investigate the popularization of cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)knowledge and science popularization needs among urban and rural residents in Tonghai County,Yuxi City,Yunnan Province,so as to explore the establishment of an efficient and appropriate science popularization model.Methods A total of 300 residents aged 15-60 years old were selected from Tonghai County,Yuxi City,Yunnan Province using stratified and simple random sampling methods.A self-designed questionnaire was used to conduct an anonymous questionnaire survey.Results Only 20.3%of Tonghai County residents master CPR skills,and 26.2%of Tonghai County residents have never heard of CPR.There is a statistically significant difference in the awareness rate of CPR between rural residents and non-rural residents(P<0.01).There are differences in residents'age and CPR awareness(P<0.01),the age and CPR are inversely proportional.The residents have a higher willingness to perform chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on strangers,66.2%and 68.6%respectively.63.79%of residents have never attended relevant training.But 92.76%of the people said they were willing to participate in the relevant training when they learned the training news.Conclusion Residents in Tonghai County generally lack knowledge of CPR first aid,but the demand for first aid knowledge of residential CPR is high and the attitude towards rescue is positive.It is recommended that relevant departments increase CPR science popularization and training efforts,and popularize CPR into villages.

OBJECTIVE To invest igate the therapeutic effects of music combined cognitive behavioral therapy on subjective tinnitus and the changes in spectral characteristics of resting electroencephalogram(EEG) before and after treatment under eyes closed condition. METHODS 8 patients with subjective tinnitus were enrolled as experimental group including 4 males and 4 females, with a mean age of 33.57±8.52 years from 18 to 40 years, 6.00±3.63 months of illness and right-handedness. Music combined cognitive behavioral therapy included a total of 6 sessions of treatment. The initial session of the treatment aimed to establish basic trust with the patient and understand the patient's personality, tinnitus symptoms, medical history, and other basic conditions. The light music which was specially processed by mactching the frequency and intensity to the patient's tinnitus were selected as combined audio of cognitive behavioral therapy. 7 minutes of closed-eye resting state EEG, THI scale, VAS scale, and SAS scale of the patients with subjective tinnitus were collected. The last 5 sessions was a tailored relaxation therapy including training and counseling patients to understand the treatment feedback after each meeting. After 3 months of the therapy, 7 minutes of EEG, THI, VAS and SAS scales of the 8 patients were asessed. The results of 7min-EEG, THI, VAS, and SAS scales were compared in patients with tinnitus before and after treatment. In addition, 8 patients with normal hearing and without tinnitus were enrolled as control group including 4 males and 4 females, with a mean age of 21.26±7.56 years from 20 to 45 years and right-handedness. The control group underwent 7 minutes of EEG examination. RESULTS The difference between the two groups before treatment was statistically significant(t =4.404, P <0.05). The full-band(0.5-44 Hz) energy of EEG before and after treatment in 8 patients with subjective tinnitus was statistically significant(t =3.705, P <0.05), and the average power of EEG after treatment in the experimental group and the control group was similar. The THI scale(t =3.664, P <0.05) and VAS scale(t =3.265, P <0.05) were compared before and after treatment and the difference was statistically significant. The difference of SAS scales between the two groups was not statistically significant(P >0.05). CONCLUSION Music combined with cognitive behavioral therapy has a significant effect on subjective tinnitusand the closed-eye resting state of brain power can show the recovery of subjective tinnitus of patients objectively which has significance for rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE Disturbance of K+ ion balance in inner ear is associated in age-related hearing loss. Our study is to investigate the role of NKCC1 and Na-K-ATPase in cochlea and auditory function regulated by with different expression of NKCC1 and Na-K-ATPase. METHODS Auditory threshold of young or old C57BL/6J mice was measured by auditory brainstem response(ABR). The expression of NKCC1 and Na-K-ATPase in mice cochlea were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and western blotting. Furosemide and Ouabain were applied in vivo to inhibit NKCC1 and Na-K-ATPase in C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS C57BL/6J mice developed hearing loss at 12M by ABR threshold shifting to (75±10), (78±26) and (81±14)dB SPL at frequencies of 8, 16 and 32 kHz; PCR showed that the relative expression of NKCC1 and Na-K-ATPase mRNA in the aged group decreased, which were 0.52±0.06 and 0.35±0.04 times higher than those in the young control group, the difference was statistically significant(t =7.466 and 16.11, all P＜0.05). WB showed that relative expression of NKCC1 and Na-K-ATPase protein level in the aged group decreased by 0.79±0.02 and 0.68±0.05 times as much as that of the young control group, the difference was statistically significant(t =8.857 and 6.771, P all＜0.05). After applied with Furosemide and Ouabain to suppress the two ion transporters, the ABR threshold increased to (50±17), (53±21), (55±17)dB SPL and (56±6), (70±17), (73±6)dB SPL at frequencies of 8, 16 and 32 kHz. CONCLUSION In vivo experiment of C57BL/6J suggested that NKCC1 and Na-K-ATPase might be related to age related hearing loss.

Objective To evaluate the early injury and dynamic changes of the left ventricular diastolic function of patients with esophageal carcinoma after radiotherapy by using two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI).Methods From 2017 to 2018,echocardiography examinations were performed in 39 patients with esophageal carcinoma before,during and after the first thoracic radiotherapy to measure the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV),left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV),left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF),early diastolic mitral flow velocity/early diastolic mitral annular peak velocity (E/e'),left atrial volume (LAV),2D-STI parameters including the left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS),global systolic stain rate (GSRs),global early diastolic strain rate (GSRe),global late diastolic strain rate (GSRa) and E/GSRe ratio.According to the GLS of patients with esophageal carcinoma after radiotherapy (cumulative dose≥50 Gy),the patients were divided into good prognosis (n=23) and poor prognosis groups (n=16).The E/GSRe ratio was statistically compared between two groups.Results The E/e'and LAVI were increased significantly only after radiotherapy (both P＜0.05),and LVEF was decreased significantly only after radiotherapy (P＜0.05).The e' tended to decline before,during and after radiotherapy (all P＜0.05).GLS and GSRs were significantly decreased only after radiotherapy (both P＜0.05),whereas GSRa was considerably decreased during radiotherapy (P＜0.05).E/GSRe tended to increase (P＜0.05).Compared with the good prognosis group,E/GSRe was significantly increased after radiotherapy in the poor prognosis group (P＜0.05).Conclusions Diastolic dysfunction can occur in the early stage of radiation-induced heart injury.The global diastolic strain rate and E/GSRe obtained by 2D-STI can be used to assess the early left ventricular dysfunction.E/GSRe can be more sensitive to evaluate the clinical prognosis compared with the global diastolic strain rate.

Objective: To analyze the therapeutic effect of endoscopic myringoplasty. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 523 patients with chronic otitis media who underwent endoscopic myringoplasty between June 2016 and June 2017 in eight tertiary hospitals in China. Among all the patients, 256 were male and 267 were female, aged from 18 to 68 years old. The grafts used to repair the tympanic membrane were all tragus cartilage-perichondrium complex. All patients were followed up at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months after surgery, at least 3 months. The closure rate of tympanic membrane perforation by different factors, the hearing results, and the incidence of postoperative complications were analyzed. SPSS 21.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: Three months after operation, the closure rates of anterior, inferior, posterior and subtotal perforation were 92.4% (109/118), 94.9% (93/98), 95.6% (129/135), and 89.0% (153/172) respectively, the difference was not statistically significant (χ²=5.779, P=0.123). The closure rates of small, medium and large perforations were 100.0% (82/82), 93.7% (178/190) and 89.2% (224/251) respectively. The difference was statistically significant (χ²=10.927, P=0.004). The closure rates of dry ear and wet ear tympanic membrane perforation were 93.1% (392/421), 90.2% (92/102), the difference was not statistically significant (χ²=1.011, P=0.915). The preoperative pure tone audiometry(PTA) was (38.4±5.3) dBHL, while, the 3-month postoperative PTA was (25.1±5.7) dBHL. The difference was statistically significant (t=39.079, P<0.001). The preoperative air bone gap (ABG) was (22.4±4.3) dB, while 3 months postoperative ABG was (9.1±3.8) dB. The difference was statistically significant (t=53.004, P<0.001). Of all 523 patients, 14 (2.7%) had middle ear infection, 8 (1.5%) had dislocated tympanic membrane, 12 (2.3%) had parageusia, 35 (6.7%) had tinnitus, 28 (5.4%) had hearing loss, 26 (5.0%) had vertigo,33 (6.3%) had reperforation, 2 (0.4%) had secondary cholesteatoma, and none had facioplegia. Conclusions Endoscopic myringoplasty is a safe and effective surgical method with good postoperative outcome.

Objective To understand the characteristics of the hearing loss in patients with small acoustic neuroma .Methods A retrospective analysis was used to analyze the results of pure tone audiometry (PTA) and au-ditory brainstem response (ABR) in 35 patients (35 ears) diagnosed with small acoustic neuroma .The types of au-diometric curves ,degrees and frequencies of hearing loss and latent periods of ABR were analyzed .Results Moder-ate deafness was the most common type in this study ,with a total of 13 ears (37 .14％ ,13/35) .In addition ,8 ears were profound deafness (22 .86％ ,8/35) ,7 ears of binaural severe deafness (20 .00％ ,7/35) ,6 ears of mild deafness (17 .14％ ,6/35) ,and 1 normal ear (2 .86％ .1/35) ,respectively .The types of audiometric curves were mainly U -shaped and sloping .15 audiometric curves were U -shaped (42 .86％ ,15/35) ,15 sloping (42 .86％ ,15/35) ,3 flat (8 .57％ ,3/35) ,and 1 tent-shaped (2 .86％ .1/35％ ) .The main frequencies of hearing loss were 1 kHz ,2 kHz ,4 kHz ,and 8 kHz .The mean thresholds had statistically significant differences (P<0 .05) compared with the other frequencies by S -N -K test .ABR was abnormal in 32 ears(91 .43％ ,32/35) .20 of the ears'I - V waves were prolonged or the inter-aural latency difference of V wave was>0 .4 ms .Five ears failed to show any ABR wave , but their 4 kHz pure tone threshold was < 80 dB HL .25 (71 .43％ ,25/35)ears'ABR results indicated a retroco-chlear nature of ear disease .Conclusion Moderate deafness is the most common type of hearing loss in small acous-tic neuroma patients ,but only 71 .43％ of the patients'ABR indicate a retrocochlear disease ,so an analysis of PTA together with ABR will help to diagnose .