Vascular dementia （VaD） is a cognitive dysfunction syndrome caused by cerebrovascular disease and is the second most common type of dementia worldwide， following Alzheimer's disease. The pathological mechanisms of VaD are complex， involving multiple biological processes， including angiogenesis， neuroinflammation， apoptosis， and oxidative stress. Among these， angiogenesis is a key process in VaD pathology and is primarily regulated through the vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） signaling pathway. In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has gradually gained attention in the treatment of VaD， particularly the therapeutic approach of benefiting Qi， activating blood circulation， and resolving blood stasis， which has demonstrated unique advantages in clinical practice. This method， based on the TCM theory of Qi and blood， emphasizes improving the pathological state of ''blood stasis'' by harmonizing the circulation of Qi and blood， and its scientific basis has been increasingly elucidated by modern pharmacological studies. This article systematically integrates the TCM concept of ''removing stasis to promote regeneration'' with the modern medical mechanism of neoangiogenesis and reviews the current research on promoting neoangiogenesis through the benefiting Qi， activating blood circulation， and resolving blood stasis in VaD treatment. It covers research progress on single Chinese medicine and compound formulas that promote neoangiogenesis， reduce apoptosis， and improve cerebral hemodynamics through multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic effects. Furthermore， this article explores the therapeutic approach of combining acupuncture and moxibustion with Chinese medicine formulas， breaking through the traditional single-treatment model. The synergistic treatment of acupuncture and herbal medicine not only enhances neoangiogenesis but also improves cognitive function and quality of life in VaD patients via multiple pathways. By comparing the advantages and limitations of modern medicine and TCM in VaD treatment， this article notes that while modern medicine excels in elucidating pathological mechanisms and targeted therapies， it is limited in overall regulation and multi-target interventions. TCM， through the comprehensive effects of multiple components and targets， is better suited to address the complex pathological features of VaD. However， current research on TCM for VaD still has limitations， including incompletely clarified mechanisms and insufficient clinical studies. Therefore， future research should further integrate multidisciplinary approaches， such as modern pharmacology and molecular biology， to deeply explore TCM resources and investigate diverse interdisciplinary collaborative treatment models， providing new ideas and strategies for VaD therapy.

Diabetic microvascular complications （DMC） are major chronic complications of diabetes，primarily including diabetic kidney disease （DKD），diabetic retinopathy （DR），diabetic cardiomyopathy （DCM），and diabetic peripheral neuropathy （DPN）. These complications significantly impact patients' quality of life and prognosis. Modern medicine primarily focuses on symptomatic control in the treatment of DMC，with limited ability to reverse the disease progression. Endoplasmic reticulum stress （ERS），as a central event under hyperglycemic toxicity，is not only a key cause of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction （reduced insulin synthesis and secretion） but also a core driver of damage in various target organs of DMC. It activates three signaling pathways of the unfolded protein response （UPR）-inositol-requiring enzyme 1 （IRE1），activating transcription factor 6 （ATF6），and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase （PERK），intertwining processes such as autophagy，apoptosis，oxidative stress，and calcium homeostasis imbalance. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） offers multi-target and multi-pathway therapeutic advantages and can curb the pathological progression of DMC by regulating ERS. This article systematically reviews the relationships of ERS with pancreatic β-cell function，insulin synthesis，and insulin secretion，and elucidates the core signaling pathways through which ERS mediates DMC. Furthermore，it categorizes and summarizes experimental evidence and mechanisms of single medicinal herbs and their extracts，TCM compound formulas，and modern TCM preparations in regulating ERS for the treatment of various DMC subtypes. Finally，this article proposes ERS as a molecular bridge for integrating traditional Chinese and Western medicine in DMC treatment. Future research should leverage emerging technologies such as network pharmacology，multi-omics analysis，and nano-formulations to establish a synergistic network combining modern hypoglycemic drugs and TCM regulation of ERS. This approach is expected to achieve dual efficacy，enhance drug targeting and bioavailability，deepen the understanding of scientific connotation of TCM，and pave new avenues for the prevention and treatment of DMC.

Diabetic microvascular complications （DMC） are major chronic complications of diabetes，primarily including diabetic kidney disease （DKD），diabetic retinopathy （DR），diabetic cardiomyopathy （DCM），and diabetic peripheral neuropathy （DPN）. These complications significantly impact patients' quality of life and prognosis. Modern medicine primarily focuses on symptomatic control in the treatment of DMC，with limited ability to reverse the disease progression. Endoplasmic reticulum stress （ERS），as a central event under hyperglycemic toxicity，is not only a key cause of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction （reduced insulin synthesis and secretion） but also a core driver of damage in various target organs of DMC. It activates three signaling pathways of the unfolded protein response （UPR）-inositol-requiring enzyme 1 （IRE1），activating transcription factor 6 （ATF6），and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase （PERK），intertwining processes such as autophagy，apoptosis，oxidative stress，and calcium homeostasis imbalance. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） offers multi-target and multi-pathway therapeutic advantages and can curb the pathological progression of DMC by regulating ERS. This article systematically reviews the relationships of ERS with pancreatic β-cell function，insulin synthesis，and insulin secretion，and elucidates the core signaling pathways through which ERS mediates DMC. Furthermore，it categorizes and summarizes experimental evidence and mechanisms of single medicinal herbs and their extracts，TCM compound formulas，and modern TCM preparations in regulating ERS for the treatment of various DMC subtypes. Finally，this article proposes ERS as a molecular bridge for integrating traditional Chinese and Western medicine in DMC treatment. Future research should leverage emerging technologies such as network pharmacology，multi-omics analysis，and nano-formulations to establish a synergistic network combining modern hypoglycemic drugs and TCM regulation of ERS. This approach is expected to achieve dual efficacy，enhance drug targeting and bioavailability，deepen the understanding of scientific connotation of TCM，and pave new avenues for the prevention and treatment of DMC.

Coronary heart disease （CHD）， as a globally prevalent disease with high mortality， is closely associated with cardiovascular cell apoptosis in its pathogenesis. Although current therapies such as percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） can alleviate local stenosis and significantly improve revascularization， challenges such as postoperative reperfusion injury and microcirculation dysfunction persist. Due to the limitations of single-target therapy in modern medicine， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has attracted increasing attention for its multi-component and multi-target interventions. Modern medical research indicates that cardiovascular cell apoptosis contributes to CHD progression through multiple pathways， including the mitochondrial pathway， death receptor pathway， and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. In TCM theory， CHD falls under the categories of chest obstruction， heart pain， and real heart pain. The Synopsis of the Golden Chamber （Jin Gui Yao Lue） proposes the pathogenesis theory of Yang deficiency and Yin excess， emphasizing the therapeutic principles of activating blood， regulating Qi movement， resolving stasis， and unblocking collaterals. TCM demonstrates unique advantages in ameliorating myocardial ischemia and combating atherosclerosis. However， existing studies are largely confined to clinical observations， lacking in-depth exploration of TCM mechanisms in inhibiting cardiovascular cell apoptosis. This article systematically reviews the regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular cell apoptosis in CHD and TCM intervention strategies， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the scientific rationale behind TCM's role in suppressing apoptosis and improving cardiac function， while offering insights for developing innovative treatment approaches combining TCM and modern medicine. Future studies should leverage modern molecular biological technologies to further uncover the scientific essence of TCM regulation of apoptotic pathways. Integrating TCM's holistic regulation and multi-target intervention strengths with modern medicine's targeted therapies can advance both fundamental research and clinical translation， ultimately providing superior strategies for the prevention and treatment of CHD.

Objective:To explore the effects of acupuncture combined with Buyang Huanwu Decoction on intestinal flora in cerebral blood flow hypo perfusion model rats with carotid artery stenosis.Methods:Totally 40 rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group, model group, TCM treatment group and acupuncture and drug combination treatment group, with 10 rats in each group. Except the sham-operation group, the other groups were prepared cerebral ischemia model by needle control and thread embolism method. TCM treatment group received Buyang Huanwu Decoction 100 mg/kg for gavage, once a day, and the intervention lasted for 2 weeks. In the acupuncture and drug combination group, based on the TCM treatment group, Baihui and its left and right sides of 2 mm were selected for acupuncture, once a day, and continuous intervention was performed for 2 weeks. Neurological function evaluation and behavioral function score were performed 7 and 14 days after administration, respectively. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to comprehensively characterize the structure and composition of fecal microflora of rats in each group. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) was used to analyze the difference of intestinal bacteria among groups.Result:On the 7th and 14th day after administration, compared with the model group, the neurological function score in the TCM treatment group and the acupuncture and drug combination group decreased ( P<0.05), and the behavioral function score increased ( P<0.05). Compared with model group, the Shannon index of TCM treatment group and acupuncture and drug combination group increased ( P<0.05). The abundance of Firmicutes increased ( P<0.05), and the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria decreased ( P<0.05); the abundance of Clostridia increased ( P<0.05), and the abundance of Gammaproteobacteria decreased ( P<0.05). The abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Bacteroides decreased ( P<0.05); the abundance of lactobacillus significantly increased ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Acupuncture combined with Buyang Huanwu Decoction can improve the symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion model rats with carotid artery stenosis, and the mechanism may be to increase the abundance of probiotics.

With the advent of the era of artificial intelligence, as an emerging technology, radiomics can extract a large amount of quantitative information describing the physiological condition and phenotypic characteristics of tumors with high throughput from the massive data of CT, MRI and other imaging tomography, and analyze these high-dimensional imaging omics features containing disease pathophysiological information can be used to accurately determine tumor differentiation, staging, and predict tumor behavior, which has broad application prospects. This article aims to introduce the technical principles of radiomics and its abdominal tumor application status, and to prospect its application prospects in pediatric abdominal neuroblastoma.
Abdominal Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging* ; Artificial Intelligence ; Child ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Precision Medicine ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective:To observe and compare the efficacy and safety of glucosamine sulfate (GS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in the treatment of adult Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), so as to provide effective medical evidence for the standardized treatment of adult KBD.Methods:A clinical randomized controlled trial was conducted in Fuyu County and Shangzhi City, KBD historical seriously ill areas in Heilongjiang Province. A total of 247 patients were selected according to the standard of "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010). According to gender, age and KBD condition, they were randomly divided into GS and CS groups, 124 and 123 respectively. Follow up once a month to investigate the medication and clinical symptoms of patients, and distribute drugs for the next stage. Fasting blood and urine samples were collected before, during and at the end of treatment (0, 90 and 180 d). Serum interleukin (IL)-1β content and urine pyridine (PYD) level were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, affected joints, self-evaluation of curative effect and side effects were evaluated through the questionnaire, joint dysfunction and drug efficacy were evaluated according to the criteria of "Evaluation of Therapeutic Effect of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 79-2011).Results:Expression of cytokines related to cartilage metabolism: at 180 d of treatment, serum IL-1β contents and urinary PYD levels in GS and CS groups were lower than those at 0 d of treatment ( Z = - 2.461, - 2.160, - 5.075, - 5.471, P < 0.05). VAS score: at 90 and 180 d of treatment, the scores of knee pain, stiffness and function in GS and CS groups were lower than those at 0 d of treatment ( P < 0.05); and at 180 d of treatment, the scores of knee stiffness and function in GS group were lower than those in CS group ( P < 0.05). Evaluation of affected joints: at 90 and 180 d of treatment, the scores of joint pain, swelling and stiffness in GS and CS groups were lower than those at 0 d of treatment ( P < 0.05). Self-evaluation of curative effect: at 180 d of treatment, the self-evaluation of curative of CS group were better than that at 90 d of treatment (χ 2 = 9.376, P < 0.05). Evaluation of side effects: at 90 and 180 d of treatment, the side effects in GS and CS groups were mainly gastrointestinal symptoms. Joint dysfunction score: at 90 d of treatment, the sum of effective rate and markedly effective rate in GS group was higher than that in CS group (χ 2 = 4.042, P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups at 180 d of treatment (χ 2 = 0.869, P > 0.05). Conclusion:GS and CS have certain therapeutic effects on adult KBD, which can improve symptoms and reduce serum IL-1β content and urinary PYD level, but GS takes effects quickly, and its effect on improving joint stiffness and function are better than CS.

Objective:To observe and compare the therapeutic effects of glucosamine sulfate (GS) and diacerein (DCN) on adult Kashin-Beck disease (KBD).Methods:A clinical randomized controlled trial was conducted in the historical severe KBD areas Fanrong Township, Fulu Town, Long'anqiao Town, Lianghe Town, Shaowen Township of Heilongjiang Province, and 240 patients were selected according to the criteria of "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010), then divided into GS and DCN groups (gender, age, and KBD condition balanced) via the random number table method, with 120 patients in each group. Followed up once a month to investigate the patient's medication and clinical symptoms, and distributed drugs for the next stage. Fasting blood samples and urine samples were collected before, during, and at the end of treatment (0, 90, and 180 days). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the serum interleukin (IL)-1β level and urine pyridinol (PYD) level. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores, evaluation of affected joints, self-evaluated efficacy, and evaluation of adverse reactions were carried out through questionnaires. Joint dysfunction scores and medications efficacy determination were performed according to the "Judgment of Kaschin-Beck Disease Treatment Effect" (WS/T 79-2011).Results:Expression of cytokines related to cartilage metabolism: after 180 days of treatment, serum IL-1β levels, urine PYD levels in GS group and urine PYD levels in DCN group were lower than those in the same group at 0 day of treatment ( Z = - 2.332, - 5.420, - 5.204, P < 0.05). VAS scores: after 90 days of treatment, the pain, stiffness scores of patients in GS group and the pain, stiffness, and function scores in DCN group were lower than those in the same group at 0 day of treatment ( Z = - 2.612, - 2.359, - 3.637, - 2.881, - 2.238, P < 0.05); after 180 days of treatment, the pain, stiffness and function scores of patients in GS and DCN groups were significantly lower than those of the same group at 0 day of treatment ( Z = - 6.738, - 9.530, - 7.781, - 5.428, - 3.761, - 3.587, P < 0.01). Evaluation of affected joints: after 90 and 180 days of treatment, except for pain of weather changes in DCN group, the scores of symptomatic joints in the two groups were lower than those at 0 day of treatment ( P < 0.05). Efficacy self-evaluation: after 180 days of treatment, the self-evaluated efficacy ratio of DCN group was higher than that of GS group and the same group after 90 days of treatment (χ 2 = 4.165, 4.022, P < 0.05). Evaluation of adverse reactions: after 90 and 180 days of treatment, the main adverse reactions of patients in GS and DCN groups were gastrointestinal symptoms. Joint dysfunction scores: after 90 days of treatment, the sum of the effective rate and the markedly effective rate of GS group was higher than that of DCN group (χ 2 = 4.993 , P < 0.05); while after the 180 days of treatment, there was no significant difference between the two groups (χ 2 = 0.417 , P > 0.05). Conclusions:Both GS and DCN have a certain therapeutic effect on adult KBD and can improve clinical symptoms. The GS takes effect quickly, and long-term use can protect cartilage from inflammatory factors to a certain extent.

Objective:To investigate the effects of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and diacetarine on urinary renal function indexes UREA, creatinine (CREA), urinary microprotein(mALB) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase (NAG) in adult patients with Kashin-Beck disease.Methods:According to the criteria of "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010), adult patients with degrees Ⅰ and Ⅱ Kashin-Beck disease in Heilongjiang Province were selected in 2019. They were randomly divided into three treatment groups according to age, gender, disease classification and other condition by clinical randomized controlled trial, group A (glucosamine sulfate group), group B (chondroitin sulfate group) and group C (diacetarine group). Fasting mid-morning urine was collected at 0, 90 and 180 days of treatment. The levels of UREA, CREA, mALB and NAG were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. And the abnormal rates of the above indexes were analyzed.Results:At 0 day of treatment, there were 118, 99 and 116 people in the 3 groups, respectively; after 90 days of treatment, 115, 93 and 106 people remained in the 3 groups; after 180 days of treatment, 95, 80 and 93 people remained in the 3 groups. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the levels of UREA, CREA, NAG and mALB among the 3 groups at 0 and 180 days of treatment ( H = 0.055, 0.923, 0.276, 1.125, 1.635, 3.873, 1.045, 4.135, P > 0.05). After 90 days of treatment, there was no significant difference in CREA level among the 3 groups ( H = 1.719, P > 0.05), the levels of UREA and NAG in group C were higher than those in group B ( P < 0.05), and the level of mALB in group B was higher than that in group C ( P < 0.05). The comparison results of all indexes before and after treatment showed that after 90 days of treatment, the levels of mALB in the 3 groups were lower than those of 0 day ( Z = - 2.858, - 3.217, - 2.124, P < 0.05), the levels of NAG were higher than those of 0 day ( Z = - 3.700, - 2.222, - 4.672, P < 0.05); and the level of UREA in group C was higher than that of 0 day ( Z = - 2.393, P < 0.05). After 180 days of treatment, the levels of CREA in the 3 groups were higher than those of 0 day ( Z = - 5.853, - 6.984, - 6.255, P < 0.05), and the levels of mALB in the 3 groups were lower than those of 0 day ( Z = - 3.785, - 2.624, - 3.427, P < 0.05). The abnormal rates of CREA in the 3 groups after 180 days of treatment were higher than those of 0 and 90 days (χ 2 = 39.499, 37.707, 71.534, 57.959, 58.160, 55.129, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the abnormal rate of CREA between 0 day and 90 days of treatment (χ 2 = 0.004, 2.068, 0.053, P > 0.05). The abnormal rates of NAG in groups A and C after 90 days of treatment were higher than those of 0 day (χ 2 = 8.999, 11.227, P < 0.05). The abnormal rates of NAG in group C after 180 days of treatment was higher than that of 0 day (χ 2 = 5.006, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the abnormal rate of NAG between group A and group C after 90 days and 180 days of treatment (χ 2 = 1.976, 1.413, P > 0.05). The abnormal rates of mALB in groups A and B after 90 days and 180 days of treatment were lower than those of 0 day (χ 2 = 6.461, 8.881, 7.563, 4.999, P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between 90 days of treatment and 180 days of treatment (χ 2 = 0.638, 0.013, P > 0.05). Conclusions:The effects of glucosamine sulfate, compound chondroitin sulfate and diacetarine on renal function of the patients are not significantly different after 180 days of medication, but the three drugs all have certain effects on CREA and NAG. Follow-up work should be done during drug treatment to closely monitor the changes of the two indicators.

Objective To investigate intradermal injection and subcutaneous injection of Gadodiamide MR lymphangiography (MRL) in evaluation on the central conducting lymphatics in rabbits.Methods T1 weighted three-dimendional fast low angle shot (fl3d) sequence was used before and after administration of Gadodiamide to undertake MRL.Gadodiamide was administed intrademally in the left and right footpad in 8 rabbits,and then undertake MRL in 1.5T MRI system (intradermal injection group).Three days later,Gadodiamide was administered subcutaneously in the left and right footpad in 8 rabbits,and MRL were underdone with the same sequence (subcutaneous injection group).The degree of contrast enhancement within the lumbar lymphatic trunk and thoracic duct were evaluated using a 3-point scoring system.Results Intradermal injection group showed the popliteal lymph nodes,sacral lymph node and inferior aortic lymph node enhanced obviously in all 8 rabbits,and the enhancement duration time was about 30 90 mini the lumbar lymphatic trunk and cisterna chyli were detected in 6 rabbits,and part of the thoracic duct were detected in 5 rabbits.Subcutaneous injection group showed the popliteal lymph nodes enhanced obviously in all 8 rabbits,but the lumbar lymphatic trunk and the thoracic duct were not detected.The score of contrast enhancement within the lymphatic system of intradermal injection group and subcutaneous injection group had statistical difference (t=100.00,P=0.0002).Conclusion MRL with intradermal injection Gadodiamide are better than subcutaneous injection in evaluation of the lumbar lymphatic trunk.