Poly(lactic-co-glycolide)(PLGA)is a key excipient in long-acting sustained-release preparations,and its degradation properties directly affect the drug release behavior.In this study,PLGA microspheres were prepared by microfluidic techniques,and the morphology changes of the microspheres were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).In alkaline environment,due to the accelerated hydrolysis of ester bonds,the surface of the microspheres was rapidly dissolved and eroded,and the degradation rate was significantly higher than that in acidic environment.High temperature accelerated the degradation of PLGA microspheres.Under neutral and alkaline conditions,the microspheres showed aggregation and adhesion.Under acidic conditions,the microspheres gradually decomposed into irregular fragments.The high ionic strength further promoted the surface corrosion of the microspheres,especially under extreme pH conditions.Simultaneously,PLGA microspheres encapsulating coumarin were prepared to simulate the microsphere formulation.The release rate of coumarin after degradation of the microspheres under different conditions was observed by measuring the absorbance with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry.The results were consistent with those of the blank microspheres.This study revealed that the degradation of PLGA microspheres was significantly pH-dependent,temperature sensitive and ion strength responsive.These findings not only helped to understand and optimize the long-term stability and controlled release performance of drug-carrying microspheres,but also provided a theoretical basis for further improvement of PLGA-based drug carrier design.

A QuEChERS cleanup-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)method was established for simultaneous determination of traditional and emerging 71 kinds of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in Chinese herbal medicine Eckloniae Thallus.The extraction solvent employed here was 0.2%formic acid-acetonitrile with sodium chloride-anhydrous sodium sulfate(3:1,m/m)as salting-out agent,and the purification was carried out using graphitized carbon black and octadecyl-bonded silica as adsorbents.The sample separation was carried out on a Horizon C18 chromatographic column(150 mm×2.1 mm,1.6 μm)by gradient elution with 2.5 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution(containing 2.5 mmol/L acetic acid)and acetonitrile as the mobile phases.The flow rate was set at 0.4 mL/min,with an injection volume of 5 μL.The chromatographic separation of each target compound and internal standard substance could be achieved within 15 min.An electrospray ion source was utilized for simultaneous scanning of positive and negative ions under the scheduled multiple reaction monitoring(sMRM)mode,and the internal standard method was used for quantitative analysis.The results of method validations showed that the 71 kinds of PFAS had good linearity,with a correlation coefficient(r)greater than 0.997,spiked recoveries of 76.2%?122.0%and relative standard deviations(RSDs)of 5.5%?14.8%.The limits of detection were in the range of 0.3-60 ng/kg and the limits of quantification were in the range of 0.8-199 ng/kg.The developed method was used for detection of PFAS in 14 batches of Eckloniae Thallus samples,and a total of 19 kinds of PFAS were detected.The findings indicated that PFAS residues were commonly present in Eckloniae Thallus,with perfluorocarboxylic acids(PFCAs)exhibiting the highest concentrations.The method was simple,robust and efficient in preparation,sensitive in detection with high throughput,and suitable for monitoring residual PFAS compounds,including both ionic and neutral in food-medicine homology samples such as Eckloniae Thallus.

Peptide-based therapies have attracted considerable interest in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, bacterial infections, and neurodegenerative diseases due to their promising therapeutic properties and enhanced safety profiles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major trends in peptide drug discovery and development, emphasizing preclinical strategies aimed at improving peptide stability, specificity, and pharmacokinetic properties. It assesses the current applications and challenges of peptide-based drugs in these diseases, illustrating the pharmaceutical areas where peptide-based drugs demonstrate significant potential. Furthermore, this review analyzes the obstacles that must be overcome in the future, aiming to provide valuable insights and references for the continued advancement of peptide-based drugs.
Humans ; Peptides/pharmacology* ; Animals ; Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Drug Discovery ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy* ; Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy*

Objective To explore the risk factors for noncontiguous spinal fractures(NSFs)in the elderly.Methods The clinical data of 614 elderly patients with spinal fracture from January 2013 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively.Patients were divided into the NSFs group and the Non-NSFs group according to whether NSFs occurred or not.Univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to screen the risk factors of NSFs.Results Univariate analysis showed that female(P=0.003),high-energy violent injury(P=0.032),osteoporosis(P=0.004),fracture in spring(P=0.020),and previous spinal fracture history(P<0.001)were associated with the occurrence of NSFs.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that fracture in spring(P=0.024),previous spinal fracture history(P<0.001)and high-energy violent injury(P=0.038)were the independent risk factors for the occurrence of NSFs in the elderly.Conclusion High-energy violent injury,fracture in spring and previous spinal fracture history are the independent risk factors for the occurrence of NSFs in the elderly.Therefore,elderly patients with the above risk factors should be examined more carefully and comprehensively to avoid missed diagnosis and delayed diagnosis.In order to reduce the incidence of this disease,corresponding measures should be taken according to the preventable risk factors.

Objective:To explore the incidence status,influencing factors and short-term prognosis characteristics of early onset coronary heart disease in women in Wansheng District of Chongqing,and to provide scientific basis for formulating regional prevention and treatment strategies.Methods:This study was a single-center retrospective study,100 coronary heart disease in women from January 2022 to December 2023 at Chongqing Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone People's Hospital were prospective selected,and they were divided into early onset group of 40 cases(≤ 65 years old)and late onset group of 60 cases(＞65 years old)based on their age of onset.Another 60 healthy women who underwent physical examinations during the same period to exclude coronary heart disease were selected as the control group.Univariate factor and multiple factor logistic regression analysis were used to identify independent risk factors for early onset coronary heart disease in women.Draw receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve for the subjects,the efficacy of risk factors in predicting early onset coronary heart disease based on the area under the curve(AUC)of ROC curve were evaluated.Patients were followed up for 1 year to observe the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE).Result:Among 100 fcoronary heart disease in women,the early onset group accounted for 40.00％(40/100).Univariate analysis showed that age,hyperlipidemia history,smoking history,hypertension history,family history,diabetes history,total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were related to the early onset coronary heart disease.Multivariate analysis showed that,hyperlipidemia history(OR=4.124,95％CI:2.343-7.217),smoking history(OR=3.564),hypertension(OR=3.253),family history(OR=2.981),diabetes history(OR=2.873)were independent risk factors.ROC curve analysis results showed that joint evaluation had the best predictive value,with AUC of 0.829,which was higher than the AUC of individual evaluation for each factor.The incidence of MACE in the early onset group(45.00％)was significantly higher than that in the late onset group(P＜0.05).Conclusion:Early onset coronary heart disease in women in Wansheng District of Chongqing is related to the hyperlipidemia history,smoking,hypertension history,family history and diabetes history.The incidence of MACE in early-onset patients followed up for 1 year is higher than that in late-onset patients.

Objective To analyze the risk factors for increased drainage volume after open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(TLIF),and to establish a predictive model and then validate it.Methods The clinical data of 680 patients who underwent open TLIF at the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command from January 2016 to December 2019 were collected and the patients were randomly divided into the training group(n=476)and the validation group(n=204).Taking the predictive factors screened out by LASSO regression analysis as independent variables,a multivariate Logistic regression predictive model was constructed.The model was internally validated through the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test,and calibration curve,and its clinical utility was assessed via decision curve analysis(DCA).Results LASSO regression analysis screened out four predictive variables:age,number of surgical segments,operative duration,and intraoperative blood loss.The multivariate Logistic regression predictive model demonstrated that age≥60 years,number of surgical segments≥4,operative duration≥2 hours,and intraoperative blood loss≥200 mL were independent influencing factors for the increased postoperative drainage volume in patients undergoing TLIF(P<0.05).ROC curve analysis revealed an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.816(95%CI:0.798 to 0.867)in the training group and 0.783(95%CI:0.685 to 0.823)in the validation group,indicating that the predictive model had good discriminatory ability.Additionally,the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and calibration curve indicated that the predictive model had a good degree of fit,and the predicted probability was basically consistent with the actual probability,demonstrating a good calibration.The DCA results confirmed that this predictive model could be applied in clinical practice.Conclusion The risk factors for increased drainage volume after open TLIF include age,number of surgical segments,operative duration,and intraoperative blood loss.The predictive model established based on these factors demonstrates good performance,and it can be applied in clinical guidance for the selection of drainage tube removal time after TLIF.

The Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Qinbaohong Zhike Oral Liquid in Treatment of Acute Bronchitis and Acute Attack of Chronic Bronchitis （GS/CACM 337-2023） was released by the China Association of Chinese Medicine on December 13^th， 2023. This expert consensus was developed by experts in methodology， pharmacy， and Chinese medicine in strict accordance with the development requirements of the China Association of Chinese Medicine （CACM） and based on the latest medical evidence and the clinical medication experience of well-known experts in the fields of respiratory medicine （pulmonary diseases） and pediatrics. This expert consensus defines the application of Qinbaohong Zhike oral liquid in the treatment of cough and excessive sputum caused by phlegm-heat obstructing lung， acute bronchitis， and acute attack of chronic bronchitis from the aspects of applicable populations， efficacy evaluation， usage， dosage， drug combination， and safety. It is expected to guide the rational drug use in medical and health institutions， give full play to the unique value of Qinbaohong Zhike oral liquid， and vigorously promote the inheritance and innovation of Chinese patent medicines.

In-depth study of the components of polymyxins is the key to controlling the quality of this class of antibiotics.Similarities and variations of components present significant analytical challenges.A two-dimensional(2D)liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)method was established for screening and comprehensive profiling of compositions of the antibiotic colistimethate sodium(CMS).A high concentration of phosphate buffer mobile phase was used in the first-dimensional LC system to get the components well separated.For efficient and high-accuracy screening of CMS,a targeted method based on a self-constructed high resolution(HR)mass spectrum database of CMS components was established.The database was built based on the commercial MassHunter Personal Compound Database and Library(PCDL)software and its accuracy of the compound matching result was verified with six known components before being applied to genuine sample screening.On this basis,the unknown peaks in the CMS chromatograms were deduced and assigned.The molecular formula,group composition,and origins of a total of 99 compounds,of which the combined area percentage accounted for more than 95％of CMS components,were deduced by this 2D-LC-MS method combined with the MassHunter PCDL.This profiling method was highly efficient and could distinguish hundreds of components within 3 h,providing reliable results for quality control of this kind of complex drugs.

Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis(referred to as bronchiectasis)is a common chronic airway disease.Neutrophils have traditionally been considered to play a dominant role in the airway inflammation of bronchiectasis.However,it has been discovered that approximately 20％to 30％of bronchiectasis patients exhibited elevated eosinophil counts(Sputum eosinophil ratio＞3％or blood eosinophil count＞300/μl)in their sputum and blood samples,referred to as eosinophilic bronchiectasis(EB).Based on this novel discovery of the inflammatory phenotype,some scholars have advocated treating bronchiectasis as an"inflammatory disease"rather than an"infectious disease"in a novel therapeutic approach.This article reviews the discovery and the latest research advancements of EB,exploring its pathophysiological basis,clinical characteristics,and treatment,with the aim to facilitate the understanding and management of EB.

Objective This study aimed to provide an effective scientific basis for prevention and control of cockroaches on aircrafts by identifying cockroach-carried pathogens,and assess the insecticidal efficacy of gel bait mediated cockroach control on aircrafts,to provide technical guidance for aircraft disinsection.Methods Cassette-trapping was used to trap cockroaches,and the carried pathogens were detected using bacterial cultivation techniques.The gel bait mediated killing rate was calculated after 1,7,and 30 d by field application of gel bait.Results A total of 411 cockroaches were captured,and all were identified as Blattella germanica.26 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the trapped cockroaches.The killing rates of cockroaches were 58.8％-96.3％with 1-30 day application of gel bait.Statistically significant differences were observed in cockroach killing rates on different days(χ2=58.95,P<0.01).Conclusions B.germanica carry a large variety of pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogens and are thus important infectious disease carriers.Gel bait agents have proven to be very effective against cockroaches on aircrafts.