Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is a key clinical biomarker for diagnosing and managing anemia, ischemic stroke, perioperative blood loss, and chronic diseases such as renal failure. Traditional venous blood sampling remains the gold standard due to its high accuracy, but its invasive nature limits frequent testing, real time monitoring, and large scale screening. This has driven growing interest in non-invasive Hb detection technologies over the past decade. Among these, optical methods are the most promising because of their safety, potential for continuous monitoring, and compatibility with portable or wearable devices. This paper systematically reviews major advances in optical non invasive Hb detection from the last ten years. We focus on near-infrared spectroscopy branches—photoplethysmography (PPG) and dynamic spectrum (DS)—and also cover color analysis/RGB imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and photoacoustic spectroscopy. For each technology, we explain its detection principles, analyze advantages and limitations, and summarize optimization strategies reported in recent literature. PPG, based on pulsatile blood volume changes, underpins many commercial continuous monitors. However, its accuracy is constrained by motion artifacts, individual physiological variations (e.g., skin tone, tissue thickness), and low AC signal to noise ratio. In contrast, DS—an advanced derivative of PPG—uses a differential principle to extract absorbance changes between systolic and diastolic peaks. This theoretically eliminates interference from static tissues (skin, bone, venous blood) and common mode noise (e.g., ambient light), positioning DS as a more robust framework for high precision Hb quantification. Beyond spectral methods, color analysis/RGB imaging offers a hardware minimalist approach. By analyzing images of vascular rich, thin tissues (e.g., conjunctiva, nail beds, palms), it enables Hb estimation using smartphone cameras. Recent advances have shifted from manual RGB feature extraction to deep learning models and spectral super resolution that reconstruct hyperspectral data from RGB inputs, significantly improving screening accuracy. Our academic perspective emphasizes critical and integrative analysis. We highlight persistent challenges that hinder clinical translation: profound individual biological variability (skin optics, microvascular architecture), sensitivity to measurement conditions (pressure, ambient light), and a lack of standardized validation protocols and multi center trials. A central thesis is that no single optical method is universally superior; each involves trade offs between accuracy, complexity, cost, and practicality. Looking forward, we posit that the next performance leap will come from multimodal information fusion—combining PPG, electrocardiogram (ECG), bioimpedance, or different optical modalities to compensate for individual differences and environmental noise. AI and deep learning are essential not only for image analysis but also for automated, end to end feature extraction from complex waveforms like PPG sequences. Advancing hardware (tunable lasers, quantum dot LEDs, novel sensor designs) is crucial to improve signal fidelity and portability. Finally, we advocate for clinical scenario specific optimization and rigorous standardized evaluation frameworks to gain regulatory approval (e.g., FDA, NMPA) and achieve widespread clinical acceptance. In conclusion, this review synthesizes a decade of progress. Optical non-invasive Hb detection has evolved from proof of concept studies to emerging products and validated screening tools, but the journey toward reliable, clinic ready quantitative devices continues. The convergence of smarter algorithms, fused sensing modalities, and focused clinical validation offers the most promising path to transform this potential into routine medical practice, ultimately enabling personalized, continuous, and accessible hematological management.

Objective To investigate the effect of different decompression methods on the efficacy of the unilateral biportal endoscopy(UBE)in the treatment of severe lumbar spinal stenosis(LSS).Methods A total of 203 elderly patients with LSS who underwent UBE treatment in our hospital from September 2021 to June 2024 were selected and divided into the unilateral group(102 cases)and the bilateral group(101 cases)according to different decompression methods.The unilateral group underwent unilateral decompression during operation,while the bilateral group underwent bilateral decompression(with bilateral decompression through the same incision and unilateral approach)during operation.The perioperative conditions,anatomical image parameters,visual analogue scale(VAS)scores,Oswestry disability index(ODI),and complications were compared between the two groups.The rehabilitation progress and complications of patients with different Charlson comorbidity index(CCI)values were compared.Results The operation time of patients in the bilateral group was longer than that in the unilateral group(P<0.05).The dural sac area and lumbar spinal canal area of patients in the bilateral group were larger than those in the unilateral group immediately after operation and 3 months after operation(P<0.05).The VAS scores and ODI 7 days and 3 months after operation of patients in the bilateral group were lower than those in the unilateral group(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of complications between the two groups of patients(P>0.05).The first time of getting out of bed after operation and hospital stay in patients with CCI value>2 scores were longer than those in patients with CCI value≤2 scores(P<0.05).Conclusion Compared with unilateral decompression,bilateral decompression for elderly patients with severe LSS takes a longer surgical time,but it can better restore lumbar shape,alleviate pain,improve lumbar function,and has higher safety,and the milder the patient's condition,the faster the postoperative recovery.

Objective To explore the risk factors for noncontiguous spinal fractures(NSFs)in the elderly.Methods The clinical data of 614 elderly patients with spinal fracture from January 2013 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively.Patients were divided into the NSFs group and the Non-NSFs group according to whether NSFs occurred or not.Univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to screen the risk factors of NSFs.Results Univariate analysis showed that female(P=0.003),high-energy violent injury(P=0.032),osteoporosis(P=0.004),fracture in spring(P=0.020),and previous spinal fracture history(P<0.001)were associated with the occurrence of NSFs.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that fracture in spring(P=0.024),previous spinal fracture history(P<0.001)and high-energy violent injury(P=0.038)were the independent risk factors for the occurrence of NSFs in the elderly.Conclusion High-energy violent injury,fracture in spring and previous spinal fracture history are the independent risk factors for the occurrence of NSFs in the elderly.Therefore,elderly patients with the above risk factors should be examined more carefully and comprehensively to avoid missed diagnosis and delayed diagnosis.In order to reduce the incidence of this disease,corresponding measures should be taken according to the preventable risk factors.

The scaphoid bone is one of the important bone of hand,which is frequently injured and difficult to treat in clinical practice.Therefore,it is very important to deeply study the microstructure and biomechanical characteristics of the scaphoid bone for understanding its injury mechanism and optimizing treatment scheme.Microcomputed tomography(micro-CT)provides high-resolution imaging of bone tissue,while finite element analysis can help to simulate the stress distribution and behavioral patterns of the scaphoid bone under various physiological and pathological states.The high-resolution three-dimensional image of the scaphoid bone obtained by micro-CT technology can be used to construct finite element models of real anatomical structure of the scaphoid bone,thus achieving accurate simulation of the mechanical properties of the scaphoid bone.The fusion of these two advanced technologies provides a new perspective for revealing the structural and functional relationships and injury mechanism of the scaphoid bone.Therefore,this paper reviews the anatomical characteristics of the scaphoid bone and its biomechanical behavior in different states,emphasizing the specific applications and advantages of micro-CT and finite element analysis techniques in the study of the scaphoid bone.By summarizing the research findings in recent years,this paper provides novel scientific basis and methods for the diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of scaphoid bone-related disorders.

Objective:To screen inflammatory markers that can be used for the diagnosis and intervention evaluation of patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)with depression,and to systematically study the therapeutic effect and safety of modified Chaihu Longgu Muli decoction in patients with CKD with depression.Methods:This study was a prospective study,a total of 120 patients with CKD who were diagnosed and treated in the Department of Nephrology,Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from April 2023 to October 2024 were included.They were divided into CKD with depression(CKD-D)group and CKD without depression(CKD-N)group according to the diagnostic criteria by random number table method.The results of routine laboratory tests were collected,and the severity of depressive disorder was evaluated by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17(HAMD-17).The levels of interleukin-18(IL-18),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),β-thromboglobulin(β-TG),platlet factor-4(PF-4),eosinophil chemotactic factor(Eotaxin),soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2(sTNFR-2)and CD40 ligand(CD40L)in serum were quantitatively evaluated by liquid chip technology.Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between HAMD-17 scores and inflammatory markers with statistical differences in CKD patients with depression at different stages.The patients in CKD-D group were randomly divided into control group and treatment group.The control group was given basic treatment of CKD,while the treatment group was treated with modified Chaihu Longgu Muli decoction on the basis of the control group.After 8 weeks of continuous intervention,the clinical effective rate,the changes of effective inflammatory markers and the occurrence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results:In the CKD-D group and the CKD-N group,the difference of HAMD-17 score,serum phosphorus(P),serum creatinine(Scr),estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),albumin(ALB),serum iron(Fe3+),C-reactive protein(CRP),IL-18,IFN-γ,sTNFR-2 indicators were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that in addition to HAMD-17 score(OR=1.259,P=0.006),SCr(OR=1.748,P=0.003),eGFR(OR=1.354,P=0.005),serum IL-18(OR=0.924,P=0.011)and IFN-γ(OR=0.859,P=0.031)levels were also independent influencing factors for CKD patients with depression.Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between HAMD-17 score and IL-18,IFN-γ,sTNFR-2 and CD40L.The total clinical effective rate of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group,and the serum levels of IL-18 and IFN-γ in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group,the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05),and no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion:IL-18 and IFN-γ can be used as effective serum markers for the diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders in CKD patients.At the same time,the changes of serum levels of IL-18 and IFN-γ can be used to evaluate the severity of symptoms in CKD patients with depression at different stages to a certain extent.Modified Chaihu Longgu Muli decoction may improve CKD combined with depressive symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients by down-regulating the level of inflammatory factors.

Objective To analyze the risk factors for increased drainage volume after open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(TLIF),and to establish a predictive model and then validate it.Methods The clinical data of 680 patients who underwent open TLIF at the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command from January 2016 to December 2019 were collected and the patients were randomly divided into the training group(n=476)and the validation group(n=204).Taking the predictive factors screened out by LASSO regression analysis as independent variables,a multivariate Logistic regression predictive model was constructed.The model was internally validated through the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test,and calibration curve,and its clinical utility was assessed via decision curve analysis(DCA).Results LASSO regression analysis screened out four predictive variables:age,number of surgical segments,operative duration,and intraoperative blood loss.The multivariate Logistic regression predictive model demonstrated that age≥60 years,number of surgical segments≥4,operative duration≥2 hours,and intraoperative blood loss≥200 mL were independent influencing factors for the increased postoperative drainage volume in patients undergoing TLIF(P<0.05).ROC curve analysis revealed an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.816(95%CI:0.798 to 0.867)in the training group and 0.783(95%CI:0.685 to 0.823)in the validation group,indicating that the predictive model had good discriminatory ability.Additionally,the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and calibration curve indicated that the predictive model had a good degree of fit,and the predicted probability was basically consistent with the actual probability,demonstrating a good calibration.The DCA results confirmed that this predictive model could be applied in clinical practice.Conclusion The risk factors for increased drainage volume after open TLIF include age,number of surgical segments,operative duration,and intraoperative blood loss.The predictive model established based on these factors demonstrates good performance,and it can be applied in clinical guidance for the selection of drainage tube removal time after TLIF.

Aim To investigate the protective effect of Shengmai Yin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in-jury(MI/RI)in vitro and in vivo and to unravel the underlying mechanism.Methods SD rats were divid-ed into the sham group,model group,and Shengmai Yin group(SM).Rat MI/RI model was established.Cardiac function,infarct area,pathological changes,cardiomyocyte apoptosis,macrophage infiltration,and serum cTnT and CK-MB levels were measured.The mRNA and protein expressions of Calpain-1 and Cal-pain-2 were assessed.The hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R)model was constructed in H9c2 cells.The active ingredients of Shengmai Yin were screened using net-work pharmacology and verified by CCK-8.In the car-diomyocytes H/R model,Fluo-4 AM staining was used to detect the changes of Ca2+levels.Results Com-pared with model group,LVEF and LVFS of Shengmai Yin-treated rats increased,myocardial infarction area was reduced,while myocardial tissue injury was allevi-ated.Myocardial apoptosis rate and the number of macrophages were reduced.Similarly,cTnT and CK-MB levels decreased.In addition,the expression lev-els of Calpain-1 and Calpain-2 mRNA and protein de-creased in the SM treatment group.Under the H/R model,all the active ingredients of Shengmai decoction had protective effects on cardiomyocytes,and the treat-ment could reduce the level of Ca2+in cardiomyocytes.Conclusions Shengmai Yin has protective effects on MI/RI in rats.This effect may be related to the de-crease in Ca2+levels,as well as Calpain-1 and Calap-in-2 mRNA and protein expression.

Aim To investigate the effect of KHSRP on the malignant biological behavior of gastric cardia ade-nocarcinoma by targeting JAK1/STAT3 signaling axis.Methods The expression levels of KHSRP in adeno-carcinoma tissues of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma and adjacent tissues were collected and compared.qRT-PCR experiment to detect transfection efficiency in gas-tric cardia adenocarcinoma cell lines(OE-19,TE-7,BIC-1,FLO-1,SK-GT-4,BE-3)and normal gastric mucosal epithelial cell line(GES-1).The knockdown and overexpression of KHSRP were treated by packa-ging lentiviral Vector,and the cells were divided into sh-NC group,sh-KHSRP group,vector group,and KH-SRP group.Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)and Tran-swell assay were used to determine the effects of KH-SRP on the proliferation,migration and invasion of ade-nocarcinoma cells of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.Xenograft tumor models were used to detect the effects of knockdown and overexpression of KHSRP in live an-imals.WB experiments confirmed that KHSRP targeted the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.Results KHSRP was overexpressed in GCA tissues and cell lines(P＜0.05).Cell function assay analysis showed that KH-SRP overexpression significantly promoted GCA cell proliferation,migration and invasion in vitro(P＜0.05).After KHSRP knockdown,the phosphorylation levels of JAK1 and STAT3 in JAK/STAT signaling pathway were significantly decreased,and the situation was opposite after KHSRP overexpression(P＜0.05).Conclusion KHSRP regulates the malignant progres-sion of metastasis of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma by activating JAK1/STAT3 signaling axis.

Objective:To screen inflammatory markers that can be used for the diagnosis and intervention evaluation of patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)with depression,and to systematically study the therapeutic effect and safety of modified Chaihu Longgu Muli decoction in patients with CKD with depression.Methods:This study was a prospective study,a total of 120 patients with CKD who were diagnosed and treated in the Department of Nephrology,Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from April 2023 to October 2024 were included.They were divided into CKD with depression(CKD-D)group and CKD without depression(CKD-N)group according to the diagnostic criteria by random number table method.The results of routine laboratory tests were collected,and the severity of depressive disorder was evaluated by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17(HAMD-17).The levels of interleukin-18(IL-18),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),β-thromboglobulin(β-TG),platlet factor-4(PF-4),eosinophil chemotactic factor(Eotaxin),soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2(sTNFR-2)and CD40 ligand(CD40L)in serum were quantitatively evaluated by liquid chip technology.Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between HAMD-17 scores and inflammatory markers with statistical differences in CKD patients with depression at different stages.The patients in CKD-D group were randomly divided into control group and treatment group.The control group was given basic treatment of CKD,while the treatment group was treated with modified Chaihu Longgu Muli decoction on the basis of the control group.After 8 weeks of continuous intervention,the clinical effective rate,the changes of effective inflammatory markers and the occurrence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results:In the CKD-D group and the CKD-N group,the difference of HAMD-17 score,serum phosphorus(P),serum creatinine(Scr),estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),albumin(ALB),serum iron(Fe3+),C-reactive protein(CRP),IL-18,IFN-γ,sTNFR-2 indicators were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that in addition to HAMD-17 score(OR=1.259,P=0.006),SCr(OR=1.748,P=0.003),eGFR(OR=1.354,P=0.005),serum IL-18(OR=0.924,P=0.011)and IFN-γ(OR=0.859,P=0.031)levels were also independent influencing factors for CKD patients with depression.Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between HAMD-17 score and IL-18,IFN-γ,sTNFR-2 and CD40L.The total clinical effective rate of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group,and the serum levels of IL-18 and IFN-γ in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group,the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05),and no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion:IL-18 and IFN-γ can be used as effective serum markers for the diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders in CKD patients.At the same time,the changes of serum levels of IL-18 and IFN-γ can be used to evaluate the severity of symptoms in CKD patients with depression at different stages to a certain extent.Modified Chaihu Longgu Muli decoction may improve CKD combined with depressive symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients by down-regulating the level of inflammatory factors.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of single Kirschner wire assisted poking and closed reduction in the treatment of Gartland type Ⅲ supracondylar humeral fractures in children. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients diagnosed with Gravland type Ⅲ supracondylar humeral fractures between January 2022 and June 2023. A total of 46 patients were treated with closed reduction assisted by Kirschner wires and percutaneous Kirschner wire internal fixation.There were 25 males and 21 females. The age ranged from 5 to 10 years old, with an average of (5.8±1.8) years old. The left side was involved in 28 patients and the right side in 18 patients. Record the operative duration for patients, the number of fluoroscopic exposures, fracture healing time, postoperative carrying angle, Baumann angle, elbow joint function score at three months post-operation, and any associated complications. RESULTS: All 46 patients were followed up for a period of 12 to 16 weeks, with an average of (13.74±1.44 )weeks. The operation duration was (30.7±5.1) minutes, the fluoroscopy count was (10.2±2.7) times, the postoperative carrying angle of the elbow joint was (8.7±2.2) degrees, and the Baumann angle was (71.5±2.9) degrees. All fractures achieved successful union in all patients, with a mean healing time of (25.5±1.7) days.At the final follow-up, elbow joint function was assessed using the Flynn criteria, with 43 patients rated as excellent and 3 patients rated as good. No complications were observed, including cubitus varus, nerve injury, or local infection. CONCLUSION The use of a single Kirschner wire assisted prying reduction for treating Gartland type Ⅲ supracondylar humeral fractures in children demonstrates excellent clinical efficacy and safety.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Bone Wires ; Child, Preschool ; Humeral Fractures/physiopathology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/instrumentation* ; Treatment Outcome ; Fracture Healing