Purpose: This study aimed to examine general nurses' nursing leadership in patient care using focus group interviews. Methods: This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of a university.After completing a focus group interview with 13 general nurses working at a general hospital, we performed qualitative content analysis according to Kreuger's guidelines. Results: A total of 170 meaningful statement units of nursing leadership that appeared in the clinical experience of general nurses were extracted, and 10 final sub-themes and the three themes connecting them were derived. The themes derived were “leading patients into nursing,” “experiencing the power of growth,” and “facilitating situations that allow focus on patient care.” Conclusion This study helps in understanding the nursing leadership of general nurses in patient care. To encourage general nurses to exert their nursing leadership and grow as autonomous nurses, nursing educators must appropriately present the learning outcomes and content of nursing leadership. Additionally, in the clinical setting, organizational support is necessary to foster understanding and the demonstration of general nurses' nursing leadership.

Purpose: The aim was to develop guidelines for delegating nursing tasks among nurses in integrated nursing care wards. Methods: This was a methodological approach. Literature reviews were conducted on delegation policies and practices for nurses in Korea and other countries to explore the area of nursing delegation. Focus group interviews were performed with nurses to identify the strength and weakness of the delegation of nursing tasks in clinical practice, and qualitative content analysis was conducted based on the interview. Ten areas and 115 items were derived through these steps, and their validity was confirmed using the Delphi technique. Results: The delegation guidelines of nursing tasks consisted of nine domains, 21 sub-categories, and 101 items, including Nurses and nursing assistants' duties, the necessity of delegation, definition of terms, scope of delegation, considerations for delegation, procedure, characteristics, and principles of delegation, and educational content for delegation. Conclusion These guidelines can help nurses to make decisions about delegating nursing tasks according to the delegation procedure.Education on the delegation of nursing tasks is necessary for both nurses and nursing assistants. The guidelines developed in this study can serve as a standard for delegating nursing tasks to ensure patient safety.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine general nurses' nursing leadership in patient care using focus group interviews. Methods: This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of a university.After completing a focus group interview with 13 general nurses working at a general hospital, we performed qualitative content analysis according to Kreuger's guidelines. Results: A total of 170 meaningful statement units of nursing leadership that appeared in the clinical experience of general nurses were extracted, and 10 final sub-themes and the three themes connecting them were derived. The themes derived were “leading patients into nursing,” “experiencing the power of growth,” and “facilitating situations that allow focus on patient care.” Conclusion This study helps in understanding the nursing leadership of general nurses in patient care. To encourage general nurses to exert their nursing leadership and grow as autonomous nurses, nursing educators must appropriately present the learning outcomes and content of nursing leadership. Additionally, in the clinical setting, organizational support is necessary to foster understanding and the demonstration of general nurses' nursing leadership.

Purpose: The aim was to develop guidelines for delegating nursing tasks among nurses in integrated nursing care wards. Methods: This was a methodological approach. Literature reviews were conducted on delegation policies and practices for nurses in Korea and other countries to explore the area of nursing delegation. Focus group interviews were performed with nurses to identify the strength and weakness of the delegation of nursing tasks in clinical practice, and qualitative content analysis was conducted based on the interview. Ten areas and 115 items were derived through these steps, and their validity was confirmed using the Delphi technique. Results: The delegation guidelines of nursing tasks consisted of nine domains, 21 sub-categories, and 101 items, including Nurses and nursing assistants' duties, the necessity of delegation, definition of terms, scope of delegation, considerations for delegation, procedure, characteristics, and principles of delegation, and educational content for delegation. Conclusion These guidelines can help nurses to make decisions about delegating nursing tasks according to the delegation procedure.Education on the delegation of nursing tasks is necessary for both nurses and nursing assistants. The guidelines developed in this study can serve as a standard for delegating nursing tasks to ensure patient safety.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine general nurses' nursing leadership in patient care using focus group interviews. Methods: This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of a university.After completing a focus group interview with 13 general nurses working at a general hospital, we performed qualitative content analysis according to Kreuger's guidelines. Results: A total of 170 meaningful statement units of nursing leadership that appeared in the clinical experience of general nurses were extracted, and 10 final sub-themes and the three themes connecting them were derived. The themes derived were “leading patients into nursing,” “experiencing the power of growth,” and “facilitating situations that allow focus on patient care.” Conclusion This study helps in understanding the nursing leadership of general nurses in patient care. To encourage general nurses to exert their nursing leadership and grow as autonomous nurses, nursing educators must appropriately present the learning outcomes and content of nursing leadership. Additionally, in the clinical setting, organizational support is necessary to foster understanding and the demonstration of general nurses' nursing leadership.

Purpose: The aim was to develop guidelines for delegating nursing tasks among nurses in integrated nursing care wards. Methods: This was a methodological approach. Literature reviews were conducted on delegation policies and practices for nurses in Korea and other countries to explore the area of nursing delegation. Focus group interviews were performed with nurses to identify the strength and weakness of the delegation of nursing tasks in clinical practice, and qualitative content analysis was conducted based on the interview. Ten areas and 115 items were derived through these steps, and their validity was confirmed using the Delphi technique. Results: The delegation guidelines of nursing tasks consisted of nine domains, 21 sub-categories, and 101 items, including Nurses and nursing assistants' duties, the necessity of delegation, definition of terms, scope of delegation, considerations for delegation, procedure, characteristics, and principles of delegation, and educational content for delegation. Conclusion These guidelines can help nurses to make decisions about delegating nursing tasks according to the delegation procedure.Education on the delegation of nursing tasks is necessary for both nurses and nursing assistants. The guidelines developed in this study can serve as a standard for delegating nursing tasks to ensure patient safety.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine general nurses' nursing leadership in patient care using focus group interviews. Methods: This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of a university.After completing a focus group interview with 13 general nurses working at a general hospital, we performed qualitative content analysis according to Kreuger's guidelines. Results: A total of 170 meaningful statement units of nursing leadership that appeared in the clinical experience of general nurses were extracted, and 10 final sub-themes and the three themes connecting them were derived. The themes derived were “leading patients into nursing,” “experiencing the power of growth,” and “facilitating situations that allow focus on patient care.” Conclusion This study helps in understanding the nursing leadership of general nurses in patient care. To encourage general nurses to exert their nursing leadership and grow as autonomous nurses, nursing educators must appropriately present the learning outcomes and content of nursing leadership. Additionally, in the clinical setting, organizational support is necessary to foster understanding and the demonstration of general nurses' nursing leadership.

Purpose: The aim was to develop guidelines for delegating nursing tasks among nurses in integrated nursing care wards. Methods: This was a methodological approach. Literature reviews were conducted on delegation policies and practices for nurses in Korea and other countries to explore the area of nursing delegation. Focus group interviews were performed with nurses to identify the strength and weakness of the delegation of nursing tasks in clinical practice, and qualitative content analysis was conducted based on the interview. Ten areas and 115 items were derived through these steps, and their validity was confirmed using the Delphi technique. Results: The delegation guidelines of nursing tasks consisted of nine domains, 21 sub-categories, and 101 items, including Nurses and nursing assistants' duties, the necessity of delegation, definition of terms, scope of delegation, considerations for delegation, procedure, characteristics, and principles of delegation, and educational content for delegation. Conclusion These guidelines can help nurses to make decisions about delegating nursing tasks according to the delegation procedure.Education on the delegation of nursing tasks is necessary for both nurses and nursing assistants. The guidelines developed in this study can serve as a standard for delegating nursing tasks to ensure patient safety.

Purpose: : In this study, we aimed to assess the impacts of grit, patient safety competence, and patient safety culture on the patient safety nursing activities of nurses in comprehensive nursing service wards. Methods: : Here, a self-reported survey of 179 nurses from three tertiary hospitals was performed. Data from 171 valid responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analyses. Results: : The key sub-factors influencing the patient safety nursing activities were attitude (β=.30, p ＜.001) and skill (β=.26, p ＜.001) in the patient safety competence factor and safety environment (β=.26, p ＜.001) in the patient safety culture factor. The regression model explained 42.7% of the variance in patient safety nursing activities (F=43.29, p ＜.001). Conclusion : Overall, these findings highlight the importance of improving the nurse attitude and skills related to patient safety as well as the safety environment in hospitals to enhance the patient safety nursing activities in comprehensive nursing service wards. Targeted educational and training programs should be provided along with organizational support to establish a safe and supportive nursing environment in comprehensive nursing service wards.

Polyploidization is a process by which cells are induced to possess more than two sets of chromosomes. Although polyploidization is not frequent in mammals, it is closely associated with development and differentiation of specific tissues and organs. The liver is one of the mammalian organs that displays ploidy dynamics in physiological homeostasis during its development. The ratio of polyploid hepatocytes increases significantly in response to hepatic injury from aging, viral infection, iron overload, surgical resection, or metabolic overload, such as that from non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs). One of the unique features of NAFLD is the marked heterogeneity of hepatocyte nuclear size, which is strongly associated with an adverse liver-related outcome, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, and liver-related death. Thus, hepatic polyploidization has been suggested as a potential driver in the progression of NAFLDs that are involved in the control of the multiple pathogenicity of the diseases. However, the importance of polyploidy in diverse pathophysiological contexts remains elusive. Recently, several studies reported successful improvement of symptoms of NAFLDs by reducing pathological polyploidy or by controlling cell cycle progression in animal models, suggesting that better understanding the mechanisms of pathological hepatic polyploidy may provide insights into the treatment of hepatic disorders.