Patients with specific language impairment(SLI)have normal intelligence but experience difficul-ties in language comprehension and expression.At present,the cause of the disease has not been determined,and only a few potential causes are being discussed,among which the relationship between auditory processing abilities and language problems of this group has attracted much attentions.An increasing number of studies employ electro-physiological techniques to investigate the auditory processing abilities of SLI patients,accumulating substantial evi-dence.Therefore,this study reviewed empirical research on the auditory processing abilities of SLI patients from the perspectives of auditory brainstem response,middle-latency response,and long-latency response.It aims to eluci-date the characteristics of auditory processing in SLI patients,analyze its relationship with language disorders,and offer insights into the diagnosis and treatment of SLI patients.

Objective To investigate the correlation between voice fatigue index(VFI)and the subjective and objective assessment results of voice impairment.Methods Fifty-one patients with voice disorders and 48 normal subjects were selected for VFI assessment and comparison of the differences in scores between the two groups.Sub-jective voice handicap index(VHI)and objective acoustic assessment were performed on the patients with voice dis-orders to analyze the correlation between VFI scores and the results of subjective and objective assessment of voice disorders.Results There was significant difference of the VFI scores between the voice disorder patients and the control group,with the total VFI score,part Ⅰ and part Ⅱ scores higher than those of control group,and the partⅢ score lower than those of the control group(P＜0.05),and there was a strong correlation between the total and part VFI scores and the total and part VHI scores(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).The VFI part Ⅰ and part Ⅱ scores were regatively correlated with the I-low(P＜0.05),but there was not a significant correlation with the other acoustics parameters and the dysphonia severity index(DSI)(P＞0.05).Conclusion Voice fatigue symptoms were more prominent in the voice-impaired population,and the VFI score was significantly correlated with the subjective voice disorder severity,but the correlation with the objective acoustic parameters was not significant.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of laryngeal diadochokinesis(LDDK)in children with functional articulation disorder(FAD)using different corpus.Methods A total of 23 children with FAD and 21 typically developing(TD)children,aged 4-6,from Shanghai's general kindergartens were recruited.Five types of acoustic parameters were collected:average rate and jitter(％)of LDDK(/?a/,/ha/,/??/,/h?/),the diadochoki-nesis rate(/pataka/),the jitter and shimmer of the vowel/a/,maximum phonation time(MPT).Differences across different corpora of the LDDK were analyzed between the two groups.Results ① Between-group compari-son:the rate of/?a/was significantly lower in FAD children than in TD children(P＜0.05).② Different corpora comparison:the LDDK speed of/?a/-/ha/was significantly different for both groups,/?a/-/??/was significantly different in TD children,and/ha/-/h?/was significantly different in FAD children.The LDDK jitter of/ha/-/h?/was significantly different among FAD children.Conclusion The LDDK of children with FAD is weaker than the TD children,and both groups exhibiting varying abilities across different corpora.

Objective To study the syntactic impairment characteristics of wh-question comprehension and expression in Chinese non-fluent aphasic patients.Methods The differences in comprehension and expression be-tween 25 non-fluent aphasic patients and 25 normal subjects were tested in the form of sentence-figure matching and elicitation-repetition to analyze syntactic impairment characteristics related to sentence patterns,question objects,and question words.Results The patients with non-fluent aphasia had impaired comprehension and expression of specific interrogative sentences,and the order of correct comprehension was:(active interrogative sentence,object pseudo-split interrogative sentence)＞(subject pseudo-split interrogative sentence,passive interrogative sentence),and the order of correct expression was:active interrogative sentence＞(pseudo-split interrogative sentence,pas-sive interrogative sentence).Conclusion The pattern of impaired comprehension and expression of wh-question was similar in patients with Chinese non-fluent aphasia.The main influences on syntactic structure included the object of questioning(subject-object)and the type of sentence.Obstacles were more pronounced in sentences with wh-move-ment and non-canonical order.

Objective To investigate the differences in Mandarin vowel space area(VSA)across geographic regions and genders.Methods Healthy college students residing in Beijing(62 cases,32 males and 30 females)and Shanghai(62 cases,32 males and 30 females)were selected to study the Mandarin VSA with six Chinese vowels(/a/,/e/,/i/,/u/,/o/,/ü/,and the short text Vacation)as the corpus,respectively.Results The differences in VSA between genders were extremely significant(P＜0.001),and the VSA of females was significantly larger than that of males.Simple effect tests for speech material and region showed that when the speech material was con-tinuous speech,the VSAs of Beijing and Shanghai subjects showed no significant difference,but when the speech material was unitary speech,the VSAs of Shanghai subjects were significantly larger than those of Beijing subjects(P=0.003,P＜0.01).Conclusion The VSAs of female adults were larger than those of male adults,and the front vowels of females were more fronted and the back vowels were more backward.The differences produced by different regions based on the Mandarin system of pronunciation were not significant.

Objective To develop Tibetan nasalance test materials,and to determine the normal range of na-salance in Tibetan-speaking children,and to investigate the characteristics of nasalance in Tibetan schoolchildren in different Chinese and Tibetan corpora.Methods Three corpora,including three Chinese test sentences,three Ti-betan test materials,and three Tibetan rhymes,were selected to test the nasalance of 50 children(7～12 years old)in the context of Tibetan as their mother tongue in the Tibetan region during pronunciation.Results Differences in nasalance between Chinese and Tibetan nasal sentences were statistically significant(P＜0.01)and lower in Tibetan than in Chinese among Tibetan schoolchildren.The mean nasalance of Tibetan rhymes showed/i/＞/u/＞/a/.Na-sal sentences of Tibetan corpus,oral sentences,oral-nasal sentences and Tibetan rhyming/i/had statistically signif-icant differences in nasalance between genders(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion When assessing the nasalance of Tibetan schoolchildren with Tibetan,a special dialect of Tibetan,as their mother tongue and main language of com-munication in Tibet,the choice of corpus is one of the important factors influencing the nasalance in addition to age and gender,and the application of the Tibetan corpus provides important reference information for the phonological assessment of Tibetan children with nasal resonance disorders.

Patients with specific language impairment(SLI)have normal intelligence but experience difficul-ties in language comprehension and expression.At present,the cause of the disease has not been determined,and only a few potential causes are being discussed,among which the relationship between auditory processing abilities and language problems of this group has attracted much attentions.An increasing number of studies employ electro-physiological techniques to investigate the auditory processing abilities of SLI patients,accumulating substantial evi-dence.Therefore,this study reviewed empirical research on the auditory processing abilities of SLI patients from the perspectives of auditory brainstem response,middle-latency response,and long-latency response.It aims to eluci-date the characteristics of auditory processing in SLI patients,analyze its relationship with language disorders,and offer insights into the diagnosis and treatment of SLI patients.

Objective To investigate the correlation between voice fatigue index(VFI)and the subjective and objective assessment results of voice impairment.Methods Fifty-one patients with voice disorders and 48 normal subjects were selected for VFI assessment and comparison of the differences in scores between the two groups.Sub-jective voice handicap index(VHI)and objective acoustic assessment were performed on the patients with voice dis-orders to analyze the correlation between VFI scores and the results of subjective and objective assessment of voice disorders.Results There was significant difference of the VFI scores between the voice disorder patients and the control group,with the total VFI score,part Ⅰ and part Ⅱ scores higher than those of control group,and the partⅢ score lower than those of the control group(P＜0.05),and there was a strong correlation between the total and part VFI scores and the total and part VHI scores(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).The VFI part Ⅰ and part Ⅱ scores were regatively correlated with the I-low(P＜0.05),but there was not a significant correlation with the other acoustics parameters and the dysphonia severity index(DSI)(P＞0.05).Conclusion Voice fatigue symptoms were more prominent in the voice-impaired population,and the VFI score was significantly correlated with the subjective voice disorder severity,but the correlation with the objective acoustic parameters was not significant.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of laryngeal diadochokinesis(LDDK)in children with functional articulation disorder(FAD)using different corpus.Methods A total of 23 children with FAD and 21 typically developing(TD)children,aged 4-6,from Shanghai's general kindergartens were recruited.Five types of acoustic parameters were collected:average rate and jitter(％)of LDDK(/?a/,/ha/,/??/,/h?/),the diadochoki-nesis rate(/pataka/),the jitter and shimmer of the vowel/a/,maximum phonation time(MPT).Differences across different corpora of the LDDK were analyzed between the two groups.Results ① Between-group compari-son:the rate of/?a/was significantly lower in FAD children than in TD children(P＜0.05).② Different corpora comparison:the LDDK speed of/?a/-/ha/was significantly different for both groups,/?a/-/??/was significantly different in TD children,and/ha/-/h?/was significantly different in FAD children.The LDDK jitter of/ha/-/h?/was significantly different among FAD children.Conclusion The LDDK of children with FAD is weaker than the TD children,and both groups exhibiting varying abilities across different corpora.

Objective To study the syntactic impairment characteristics of wh-question comprehension and expression in Chinese non-fluent aphasic patients.Methods The differences in comprehension and expression be-tween 25 non-fluent aphasic patients and 25 normal subjects were tested in the form of sentence-figure matching and elicitation-repetition to analyze syntactic impairment characteristics related to sentence patterns,question objects,and question words.Results The patients with non-fluent aphasia had impaired comprehension and expression of specific interrogative sentences,and the order of correct comprehension was:(active interrogative sentence,object pseudo-split interrogative sentence)＞(subject pseudo-split interrogative sentence,passive interrogative sentence),and the order of correct expression was:active interrogative sentence＞(pseudo-split interrogative sentence,pas-sive interrogative sentence).Conclusion The pattern of impaired comprehension and expression of wh-question was similar in patients with Chinese non-fluent aphasia.The main influences on syntactic structure included the object of questioning(subject-object)and the type of sentence.Obstacles were more pronounced in sentences with wh-move-ment and non-canonical order.