Background: and Purpose: This clinical practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for treatment of dementia, focusing on cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other types of dementia. Methods: Using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes (PICO) framework, we developed key clinical questions and conducted systematic literature reviews. A multidisciplinary panel of experts, organized by the Korean Dementia Association, evaluated randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Recommendations were graded for evidence quality and strength using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Results: Three main recommendations are presented: (1) For AD, cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) are strongly recommended for improving cognition and daily function based on moderate evidence; (2) Cholinesterase inhibitors are conditionally recommended for vascular dementia and Parkinson’s disease dementia, with a strong recommendation for Lewy body dementia; (3) For moderate to severe AD, NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine) is strongly recommended, demonstrating significant cognitive and functional improvements. Both drug classes showed favorable safety profiles with manageable side effects. Conclusions This guideline offers standardized, evidence-based pharmacologic recommendations for dementia management, with specific guidance on cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists. It aims to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes in dementia care. Further updates will address emerging treatments, including amyloid-targeting therapies, to reflect advances in dementia management.

Background: and Purpose: This clinical practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for treatment of dementia, focusing on cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other types of dementia. Methods: Using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes (PICO) framework, we developed key clinical questions and conducted systematic literature reviews. A multidisciplinary panel of experts, organized by the Korean Dementia Association, evaluated randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Recommendations were graded for evidence quality and strength using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Results: Three main recommendations are presented: (1) For AD, cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) are strongly recommended for improving cognition and daily function based on moderate evidence; (2) Cholinesterase inhibitors are conditionally recommended for vascular dementia and Parkinson’s disease dementia, with a strong recommendation for Lewy body dementia; (3) For moderate to severe AD, NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine) is strongly recommended, demonstrating significant cognitive and functional improvements. Both drug classes showed favorable safety profiles with manageable side effects. Conclusions This guideline offers standardized, evidence-based pharmacologic recommendations for dementia management, with specific guidance on cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists. It aims to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes in dementia care. Further updates will address emerging treatments, including amyloid-targeting therapies, to reflect advances in dementia management.

Background: and Purpose: This clinical practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for treatment of dementia, focusing on cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other types of dementia. Methods: Using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes (PICO) framework, we developed key clinical questions and conducted systematic literature reviews. A multidisciplinary panel of experts, organized by the Korean Dementia Association, evaluated randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Recommendations were graded for evidence quality and strength using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Results: Three main recommendations are presented: (1) For AD, cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) are strongly recommended for improving cognition and daily function based on moderate evidence; (2) Cholinesterase inhibitors are conditionally recommended for vascular dementia and Parkinson’s disease dementia, with a strong recommendation for Lewy body dementia; (3) For moderate to severe AD, NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine) is strongly recommended, demonstrating significant cognitive and functional improvements. Both drug classes showed favorable safety profiles with manageable side effects. Conclusions This guideline offers standardized, evidence-based pharmacologic recommendations for dementia management, with specific guidance on cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists. It aims to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes in dementia care. Further updates will address emerging treatments, including amyloid-targeting therapies, to reflect advances in dementia management.

Background: and Purpose: This clinical practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for treatment of dementia, focusing on cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other types of dementia. Methods: Using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes (PICO) framework, we developed key clinical questions and conducted systematic literature reviews. A multidisciplinary panel of experts, organized by the Korean Dementia Association, evaluated randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Recommendations were graded for evidence quality and strength using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Results: Three main recommendations are presented: (1) For AD, cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) are strongly recommended for improving cognition and daily function based on moderate evidence; (2) Cholinesterase inhibitors are conditionally recommended for vascular dementia and Parkinson’s disease dementia, with a strong recommendation for Lewy body dementia; (3) For moderate to severe AD, NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine) is strongly recommended, demonstrating significant cognitive and functional improvements. Both drug classes showed favorable safety profiles with manageable side effects. Conclusions This guideline offers standardized, evidence-based pharmacologic recommendations for dementia management, with specific guidance on cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists. It aims to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes in dementia care. Further updates will address emerging treatments, including amyloid-targeting therapies, to reflect advances in dementia management.

Objective: Our goal was to review outcomes of patients with heterotopic pregnancies who under went surgical treatment. Methods: From January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2021, 27 women with heterotopic pregnancies who had undergone surgical treatment were enrolled. We investigated pregnancy outcomes based on clinical records and follow-up telephone interviews. Three of the 27 patients were excluded because we were unable to contact them. Results: Of the 24 patients included in the study, 17 underwent salpingectomies for tubal pregnan cies, 5 underwent wedge resections for cornual pregnancies, and 1 underwent a unilateral salpingooophorectomy for ovarian pregnancy. One patient with a suspected heterotopic cervical pregnancy had undergone extraction with forceps and curettage under abdominal ultrasound guidance. Three patients had spontaneous abortions after treatment for heterotopic pregnancies (2 tubal pregnancies, one cervical pregnancy). Twenty-one of 24 patients had heterotopic pregnancies that occurred after assisted reproductive technology. Three cases were heterotopic pregnancies that occurred without reproductive interventions. Among 24 patients who underwent surgical treatment, 18 patients (75.0%) had full-term deliveries. Conclusion There were no hospitalizations due to preterm labor, and 21 deliveries (87.5%) were either late preterm or full-term. There were no fetal abnormalities or maternal complications. Although the development of assisted reproductive technologies has increased the incidence of heterotopic pregnancy, the outcomes of heterotopic pregnancies are generally good.

Objective: Our goal was to review outcomes of patients with heterotopic pregnancies who under went surgical treatment. Methods: From January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2021, 27 women with heterotopic pregnancies who had undergone surgical treatment were enrolled. We investigated pregnancy outcomes based on clinical records and follow-up telephone interviews. Three of the 27 patients were excluded because we were unable to contact them. Results: Of the 24 patients included in the study, 17 underwent salpingectomies for tubal pregnan cies, 5 underwent wedge resections for cornual pregnancies, and 1 underwent a unilateral salpingooophorectomy for ovarian pregnancy. One patient with a suspected heterotopic cervical pregnancy had undergone extraction with forceps and curettage under abdominal ultrasound guidance. Three patients had spontaneous abortions after treatment for heterotopic pregnancies (2 tubal pregnancies, one cervical pregnancy). Twenty-one of 24 patients had heterotopic pregnancies that occurred after assisted reproductive technology. Three cases were heterotopic pregnancies that occurred without reproductive interventions. Among 24 patients who underwent surgical treatment, 18 patients (75.0%) had full-term deliveries. Conclusion There were no hospitalizations due to preterm labor, and 21 deliveries (87.5%) were either late preterm or full-term. There were no fetal abnormalities or maternal complications. Although the development of assisted reproductive technologies has increased the incidence of heterotopic pregnancy, the outcomes of heterotopic pregnancies are generally good.

Objective: Our goal was to review outcomes of patients with heterotopic pregnancies who under went surgical treatment. Methods: From January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2021, 27 women with heterotopic pregnancies who had undergone surgical treatment were enrolled. We investigated pregnancy outcomes based on clinical records and follow-up telephone interviews. Three of the 27 patients were excluded because we were unable to contact them. Results: Of the 24 patients included in the study, 17 underwent salpingectomies for tubal pregnan cies, 5 underwent wedge resections for cornual pregnancies, and 1 underwent a unilateral salpingooophorectomy for ovarian pregnancy. One patient with a suspected heterotopic cervical pregnancy had undergone extraction with forceps and curettage under abdominal ultrasound guidance. Three patients had spontaneous abortions after treatment for heterotopic pregnancies (2 tubal pregnancies, one cervical pregnancy). Twenty-one of 24 patients had heterotopic pregnancies that occurred after assisted reproductive technology. Three cases were heterotopic pregnancies that occurred without reproductive interventions. Among 24 patients who underwent surgical treatment, 18 patients (75.0%) had full-term deliveries. Conclusion There were no hospitalizations due to preterm labor, and 21 deliveries (87.5%) were either late preterm or full-term. There were no fetal abnormalities or maternal complications. Although the development of assisted reproductive technologies has increased the incidence of heterotopic pregnancy, the outcomes of heterotopic pregnancies are generally good.

Objectives: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a widely used approach for the resection of superficial gastric neoplastic lesions. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is acceptable for lesions <10–15 mm in size. Herein, we compared the clinical outcomes of ESD with those of EMR after circumferential precutting (EMR-P) for gastric adenomas ≤15 mm. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 213 patients with 228 gastric adenomas ≤15 mm in size who were treated endoscopically at a single tertiary hospital in Korea between November 2018 and October 2022. We evaluated the complete endoscopic resection rate, recurrence rate, procedurer-elated complications, and procedure time according to the procedure used. Results: Among the 228 gastric adenomas, 49 were treated with EMR-P and 179 with ESD. The histological complete resection rate was higher in the ESD group than in the EMR-P group (87% vs. 57%, p<0.001). No significant between-group differences were observed in endoscopic en bloc resection rates (ESD vs. EMR-P, 96% vs. 90%; p=0.081). The procedure time was significantly shorter in the EMR-P group than in the ESD group (28.9±19.7 min vs. 8.8±5.9 min, p<0.001). The local recurrence rate in patients with histologically incomplete resection did not differ between the two groups (ESD vs. EMR-P, 8.7% vs. 9.5%; p=0.924). Conclusions For gastric adenomas ≤15 mm, EMR-P may be the preferable treatment method considering the en bloc resection rate, procedure time, and local recurrence rate. However, considering the complete resection rate, ESD is recommended as the treatment of choice for high-grade adenomas and early gastric cancer lesions.