Objective To explore the characteristics of latent profiles of ego depletion in patients with heart failure,and analyze the impacts of these profiles on patients' self-management behavior.Methods 280 heart failure patients who were hospitalized in a tertiary grade A hospital were conveniently selected in Nanjing from April to October 2024 as study subjects.The investigation utilized a general information questionnaire,the Ego-Depletion Scale for Heart Failure Patients,the Self-Management Scale of Heart Failure Patients,and the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale.The latent profile categories of ego depletion was explored in heart failure patients.Univariate analysis and multiple Logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the influencing factors of different latent profile categories and the impact of each category on patients' self-management levels.Results The ego depletion of 255 heart failure patients could be classified into 3 latent profiles:self-adaptive low depletion group(35.29％),symptom distressed moderate depletion group(43.53％),and social life change high depletion group(21.18％).Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that residence,primary caregiver,education level,New York Heart Association cardiac function grade,and self-efficacy score were factors influencing the potential profile of ego depletion in heart failure patients(P＜0.05).The comparison of self-management scores among patients in different latent profiles of ego depletion showed statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).Conclusion The level of ego depletion in patients with heart failure is high with significant heterogeneity.Medical staff should pay attention to the heterogeneity and influencing factors of ego depletion in patients with heart failure in time,and develop personalized comprehensive intervention strategies to alleviate ego depletion and improve their self-management levels.

Acute kidney injury(AKI)is a common clinical syndrome characterized by high morbidity and mortality.It's pathogenesis is complex and involves multiple pathophysiological processes,including inflammatory responses,oxidative stress,mitochondrial dysfunction,apoptosis,and immune dysregulation. Recent studies had shown that AKI is an independent risk factor for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease(CKD), significantly impacting patient outcomes. As key effector cells in the immune response, T cells play a crucial role throughout the onset, progression and repair phases of AKI.

Dent disease is a rare X-linked recessive renal tubular disease characterized by low molecular weight proteinuria，hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis. It is also a major cause of tubular proteinuria in children. According to different causative genes，Dent disease can be divided into three types：type 1 is caused by mutations in the CLCN5 gene，accounting for about 60%-70%；type 2 is caused by mutations in the OCRL gene，accounting for about 15%-20%；type 3 has a similar clinical phenotype but no known pathogenic gene mutations. CLCN5 encodes the voltage-dependent 2Cl -/1H +exchange channel CIC-5，which is involved in proximal renal tubule endocytosis. Its mutations can cause a variety of proximal tubular dysfunction symptoms，mainly including low molecular weight proteinuria. The use of gene detection technology has resulted in an increase in reports on Dent disease year after year. At present，the specific mechanism underlying Dent disease remains unknown. This article reviews the research progress of CLCN5，hoping to provide new insight for the mechanism research of CLCN5 and the specific treatment of Dent disease type 1.

With the continuous rise in the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the prolongation of life expectancy of patients living with the disease, improving the quality of life of patients has become an important management goal. Sexual life, as a basic physiological need in human survival, is also a key component of the quality of life for CVD patients. However, due to the impact of the disease, sexual health issues are common among CVD patients and have adverse effects on their quality of life, mental health, and marital relationships, which should be addressed promptly. This article reviews the definitions related to sexual health, the current research on sexual health in CVD patients, research tools related to sexual health, influencing factors of sexual health in CVD patients, and sexual health interventions, aiming to provide a reference for clinical research in this area.

Acute kidney injury(AKI)is a common clinical syndrome characterized by high morbidity and mortality.It's pathogenesis is complex and involves multiple pathophysiological processes,including inflammatory responses,oxidative stress,mitochondrial dysfunction,apoptosis,and immune dysregulation. Recent studies had shown that AKI is an independent risk factor for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease(CKD), significantly impacting patient outcomes. As key effector cells in the immune response, T cells play a crucial role throughout the onset, progression and repair phases of AKI.

With the continuous rise in the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the prolongation of life expectancy of patients living with the disease, improving the quality of life of patients has become an important management goal. Sexual life, as a basic physiological need in human survival, is also a key component of the quality of life for CVD patients. However, due to the impact of the disease, sexual health issues are common among CVD patients and have adverse effects on their quality of life, mental health, and marital relationships, which should be addressed promptly. This article reviews the definitions related to sexual health, the current research on sexual health in CVD patients, research tools related to sexual health, influencing factors of sexual health in CVD patients, and sexual health interventions, aiming to provide a reference for clinical research in this area.

Objective To explore the characteristics of latent profiles of ego depletion in patients with heart failure,and analyze the impacts of these profiles on patients' self-management behavior.Methods 280 heart failure patients who were hospitalized in a tertiary grade A hospital were conveniently selected in Nanjing from April to October 2024 as study subjects.The investigation utilized a general information questionnaire,the Ego-Depletion Scale for Heart Failure Patients,the Self-Management Scale of Heart Failure Patients,and the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale.The latent profile categories of ego depletion was explored in heart failure patients.Univariate analysis and multiple Logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the influencing factors of different latent profile categories and the impact of each category on patients' self-management levels.Results The ego depletion of 255 heart failure patients could be classified into 3 latent profiles:self-adaptive low depletion group(35.29％),symptom distressed moderate depletion group(43.53％),and social life change high depletion group(21.18％).Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that residence,primary caregiver,education level,New York Heart Association cardiac function grade,and self-efficacy score were factors influencing the potential profile of ego depletion in heart failure patients(P＜0.05).The comparison of self-management scores among patients in different latent profiles of ego depletion showed statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).Conclusion The level of ego depletion in patients with heart failure is high with significant heterogeneity.Medical staff should pay attention to the heterogeneity and influencing factors of ego depletion in patients with heart failure in time,and develop personalized comprehensive intervention strategies to alleviate ego depletion and improve their self-management levels.

As a supplement to randomized controlled trials， observational studies can provide evidence for the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） treatment measures. They can also study influencing factors of diseases， etiology， and prognosis. However， there is a confounding effect due to the lack of randomization， which seriously affects the causal inference between the study factors and the outcome， resulting in confounding bias. Therefore， identifying and controlling confounding factors are key issues to be addressed in TCM observational studies. According to the causal network and the characteristics of TCM theory， confounding factors can be categorized into measured and unmeasured confounding factors. In addition， attention must be paid to identifying confounding factors and intermediate variables， as well as the interaction between confounding factors and study factors. For methods of controlling confounding factors， measured confounding factors can be controlled by stratification， multifactor analysis， propensity scores， and disease risk scores. Unmeasured and unknown confounding factors can be corrected using instrumental variable methods， difference-in-difference methods， and correction for underlying event rate ratios. Correcting and controlling confounding factors can ensure a balance between groups， and confounding bias can be reduced. In addition， methods such as sensitivity analysis and determination of interactions make the control of confounding factors more comprehensive. Due to the unique characteristics of TCM， observational studies of TCM face unique challenges in identifying and controlling confounding factors， including the ever-changing TCM treatment measures received by patients， the often-overlooked confounding effects in the four diagnostic information of TCM， and the lack of objective criteria for TCM evidence-based diagnosis. Some scholars have already conducted innovative explorations to address these issues， providing a methodological basis for conducting higher-quality TCM observational studies， so as to obtain more rigorous real-world evidence of TCM and gradually develop quality evaluation criteria for OS that are consistent with the characteristics of TCM.

Objective:To explore the barriers and facilitators of exercise rehabilitation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) after radiofrequency ablation.Methods:From March to August 2022, 285 patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent radiofrequency ablation within three months were recruited from the "Cloud Ward" of the Department of Cardiovascular of the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University by convenience sampling. The Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS) and the Self-efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE) were used to evaluate the barriers and self-efficacy of patients participating in exercise rehabilitation, respectively. Among them, 22 patients were subjected to semi-structured interviews to extract themes.Results:Among 285 patients with atrial fibrillation, 202 (70.88%) participated in exercise rehabilitation programs. Work/time conflicts, lack of cardiac rehabilitation knowledge, and health/physical function limitations affected the participation of patients in exercise rehabilitation ( P<0.05). Qualitative research extracted three themes that affected the patient's exercise rehabilitation, including capability, opportunity, and motivation. Conclusions:The participation of atrial fibrillation patients in exercise rehabilitation is influenced by multiple factors such as family responsibility, capability, motivation, and opportunity. Medical and nursing staff should comprehensively consider the above factors, develop targeted interventions from all aspects and multiple angles, so as to effectively improve the participation of patients in exercise rehabilitation.

With the continuous progress of research methodology in the real world and the growing maturity of artificial intelligence technology， a method for conducting “quantitative” research to guide clinical practice based on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） diagnosis and treatment data was gradually developed. However， there is still a need for further improvements in the overall design of studies and the transformation of findings into clinical practice. Based on this， we put forward a comprehensive overall design concept and application approach for real-world study and artificial intelligence research based on clinical diagnosis and treatment data of TCM. This approach consists of five steps： Constructing a research-based database with a large sample size and high data quality； Mining and classification of core prescriptions； Conducting cohort studies to evaluate the effectiveness of core prescriptions； Utilizing case-control studies to clarify the dominant population； Establishing predictive models to achieve precision medicine. Additionally， it is imperative for researchers to establish a standardized system for collecting TCM variables and processing data， optimize the determination and measurement methods of confounding factors， further improve and promote methodologies， and strengthen the training of interdisciplinary talents. By following this research method， we anticipate that the clinical translation of research findings will be facilitated， leading to advancements in TCM precision medicine. Real-world study and artificial intelligence research share similar research foundations， and clinical applications complement each other. In the future， the two will merge together.