This paper systematically reviews the decade-long evolution of renal denervation (RDN), analyzing its paradigm shift from anatomical ablation to targeted neuromodulation. This paper focuses on breakthroughs in renal nerve mapping pioneered by Chinese scholars, discusses the clinical value of diverse energy platforms and novel catheter designs, and addresses existing challenges such as quantification of ablation energy, therapeutic heterogeneity, and health economics. A future blueprint integrating neuroimaging navigation and artificial intelligence for precision therapy is proposed, emphasizing strategic significance of RDN in holistic hypertension management and establishing a new paradigm for autonomic neuromodulation in cardiovascular diseases.