In the tumor microenvironment,tumor-associated macrophages construct complex interaction networks through highly plasticity,promoting the dynamic evolution of the cancer ecosystem.With the innovation of single-cell sequencing technology,the heterogeneity,functional diversity,and interaction mechanisms of tumor-associated macrophages with tumor microenvironment have been revealed.This suggests that tumor-associated macrophages may become a new target for tumor targeted therapy,driving the development of precision anti-cancer strategies.This review summarizes the relevant research progress,explores the interaction mechanisms,describes the classification and clinical therapeutic potential,aiming to provide new perspectives and guidance for tumor research and clinical practice.

In the tumor microenvironment,tumor-associated macrophages construct complex interaction networks through highly plasticity,promoting the dynamic evolution of the cancer ecosystem.With the innovation of single-cell sequencing technology,the heterogeneity,functional diversity,and interaction mechanisms of tumor-associated macrophages with tumor microenvironment have been revealed.This suggests that tumor-associated macrophages may become a new target for tumor targeted therapy,driving the development of precision anti-cancer strategies.This review summarizes the relevant research progress,explores the interaction mechanisms,describes the classification and clinical therapeutic potential,aiming to provide new perspectives and guidance for tumor research and clinical practice.

Objective To analyze the secular trends of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality in Changning district of Shanghai from 1974 to 2013. Methods We calculated the age-standardized rates of incidence and mortality and the average annual percent changes for pancreatic cancer using Segi's world standard population and the data from Shanghai Cancer Registry. Age-period-cohort model was constructed to further assess the effect of age, diagnosis period and birth cohort on the secular trends of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality. Results During 1974-2013, the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were 6.49/10⁵ and 6.01/10⁵ in male, 4.83/10⁵ and 4.57/10⁵ in female, respectively. The age-standardized incidence was increased by 0.8% per year in male during past 40 years, while there was no change in mortality. The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were increased by 1.6% and 1.3% per year in female. After adjusting the effects of diagnosis period and birth cohort, the incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer increased by about 11% every 5 years older in both male and female. Diagnosis period and birth cohort had no statistical impact on the incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer. Conclusion The age-standardized incidence of pancreatic cancer shows significantly rising trends during 1974-2013 in both male and female in Changning district of Shanghai, as well as the age-standardized mortality in female. The incidence and mortality rates also increase with age.

Objective To explore the relationship between ATP content in CD4+ T lymphocytes and acute rejection after liver transplantation(LT). Methods This study contained 77 patients who received LT from February to October 2009, They were divided into AR (acute rejection) and NAR (non-acute rejection) groups while 56 healthy people were enrolled to serve as the control group.Blood specimens were collected preoperatively and at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. For the AR group, specimens were also collected on the day when AR occurred and 1 week after steroid bump together with that of the healthy people. ImmuKnowTM test kits for immune cell function were used to assay the ATP value. Results ATP values within CD4+T lymphocytes were elevated significantly in each group compared with those preoperatively. Peak level was reached in the AR group and was significantly higher than that of the contemporary NAR group (P＜0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the obvious elevation of the ATP value within CD4+ T lymphocytes 1 week postoperatively had better sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing AR. The ATP sensitivity rate for early AR was 84.6 %and specificity rate 81 %. The ATP value within CD4+ T lymphocytes on the day of AR occurrence had a positive relationship with the rejection acting index(RAI), while relative index (r) was 0. 876(P＜0.05). After the steroid dump treatment, AR in all the patients was reversed and the ATP value declined significantly as compared with the control group and the day when AR occurred(P＜0. 05).Conclusion During the postoperative period, the dynamic change of ATP value within CD4 + T lymphocyte had a close relationship with acute rejection after liver transplantation. Thus, it might be used as a feasible and noninvasive monitoring index for diagnosing AR and the effectiveness of the anti-rejection treatment.

Objective To study the effects of Sinomenine on the dendritic cells after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. Methods Forty-eight BN rats were equally divided into control group, low dose (40 μg/g) and high dose (80 μg/g) of Sinomenine groups after the liver transplantation models were established by two cuff tech-nique. Three days after the orthotopic liver transplantation, the livers were resected, then the dendritic cells were separated and purified. The phenotypes [OX62, major histocompatibility complex Ⅱ (MHC-Ⅱ) and CD86] of dendritic cells were examined by FACS, the expression of IL-12, IL-1, and TNF-a mRNA by RT-PCR, and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by Western blot. Results The dendritic cells treated with Sinomenine showed immature phenotypes. The expressions of MHC-Ⅱ and CD86 were significantly deceased. The expressions of IL-12, IL-1, TNF-a mRNA and TLR4 were low. Conclusions Sinomenine can significantly inhibit the maturity and immunologic function of dendritic cells after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion.