ObjectiveTo observe the clinical effectiveness and safety of Qingfei Shenshi Decoction （清肺渗湿汤） combined with western medicine for patients with bronchial asthma of heat wheezing syndrome， and to explore its potential mechanism of action. MethodsEighty-six participants with bronchial asthma of heat wheezing syndrome were randomly divided into treatment group and control group， each group with 43 participants. The control group received conventional western medicine， and the treatment group was additionally administered Qingfei Shenshi Decoction orally on the basis of the control group， 1 dose per day. Both groups were treated for 14 days. The primary outcome measure was clinical effectiveness； secondary outcome measures included traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome score， asthma control test （ACT） score， pulmonary function indices such as forced expiratory volume in 1 second （FEV₁）， forced vital capacity （FVC）， peak expiratory flow （PEF）， serum inflammatory factor levels including interleukin-4 （IL-4）， tumour necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP）， and immune function indices including CD3⁺， CD4⁺， CD8⁺， CD4⁺/CD8⁺. All outcome measures were evaluated before and after treatment. Vital signs were monitored， and electrocardiography， blood routine， urine routine， liver function， and renal function tests were performed before and after treatment. Adverse events and reactions during the study were recorded. ResultsA total of 80 patients completed the trial with 40 in each group. The total clinical effective rate of the treatment group was 97.5% （39/40）， which was significantly higher than that of the control group （85.0%， 34/40， P＜0.05）. After treatment， both groups showed decreased TCM syndrome scores， IL-4， TNF-α， hs-CRP， and CD8⁺ levels， as well as increased ACT scores， CD3⁺， CD4⁺， CD4⁺/CD8⁺， FEV₁， FVC， and PEF levels （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Moreover， the improvements in these indices were more significant in the treatment group than in the control group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. No significant abnormalities in safety indicators were observed in either group， and no adverse events or reactions occurred. ConclusionQingfei Shenshi Decoction combined with conventional western medicine for patients with bronchial asthma of heat wheezing syndrome can effectively improve the clinical symptoms， pulmonary function， and clinical effectiveness， with good safety. Its mechanism may be related to reducing inflammatory factor levels and regulating T lymphocyte subsets to improve immune function.

The coupling analysis of continuous physiological signals is a crucial tool for revealing the dynamic activities and interactions within physiological systems. To gain a deeper understanding of the coupling relationships between physiological systems, this paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research on coupling analysis methods for continuous physiological signals, both domestically and internationally. It focuses on various coupling analysis techniques, including time-domain, frequency-domain, time-frequency-domain and nonlinear methods, and explores their applications in the coupling assessment of different physiological systems. Finally, the paper discusses the limitations of these methods and their future development trends. By systematically reviewing the current methods of continuous physiological signal coupling analysis, this paper aims to provide valuable references for further research on coupling evaluation methods for physiological systems.
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Humans

This paper summarized Professor ZHOU Zhaoshan's clinical experience in treating bronchial asthma （abbreviated as asthma） by stages with dampness-draining method. It is believed that pathogenic dampness is the key pathological factor in the onset of asthma. Dampness accumulates into water， which gathers into rheum； the condensed rheum forms phlegm， which lingers in the lungs. When external pathogens trigger the latent phlegm， phlegm and qi become mutually obstructed， leading to airway obstruction， disrupted qi movement， and upward reversal of lung qi， thereby resulting in asthma attacks. The treatment emphasizes a stage-based approach. During acute attacks， the main syndromes include cold-damp obstructing the lungs， damp-heat accumulating in the lungs， and shaoyang （少阳） constraint with heat. For the syndrome of cold-damp obstructing the lungs， a self-formulated Wenfei Shenshi Decoction （温肺渗湿汤） is used to warm the lungs and disperse cold， drain dampness and relieve panting； for the syndrome of damp-heat accumulating in the lungs， a self-formulated Qingfei Shenshi Decoction （清肺渗湿汤） is employed to clear the lungs and expel heat， drain dampness and relieve asthma； and for the syndrome of shaoyang constraint with heat， a self-formulated Chaihu Shenshi Decoction （柴胡渗湿汤） is administered to harmonize the shaoyang， clear heat and drain dampness. During the remission stage， treatment is based on the underlying kidney-deficiency constitution， and a self-formulated Bushen Shenshi Decoction （补肾渗湿汤） is formulated to tonify the kidneys and drain dampness， improve qi reception and relieve panting.

Objective To study the medication law of Professor Zhang Yunling in the treatment of headache based on data mining technology;To provide ideas for the clinical treatment of headache.Methods Professor Zhang Yunling's outpatient TCM prescription data for the treatment of headache from Sep.2017 to Dec.2020 were collected,and the Ancient and Modern Medical Record Cloud Platform 2.3.5 was used to mine the selected TCM prescriptions for herbal medicine frequency statistics,property,taste and meridian tropism statistics,herbal medicine efficacy statistics,correlation analysis,clustering analysis,complex network analysis,etc.Results Through collection and screening,totally 332 prescriptions were included,involving 178 kinds of Chinese materia medica,with a total frequency of 5 380 times.The top 10 kinds of Chinese materia medica were Chuanxiaong Rhizoma,Paeoniae Radix alba,Atractyodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum,Bambusae Caulis in Taenia,Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,Astragali Radix,Amomi Fructus Rotundus,Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum,and Polygalae Radix.They were mainly warm,mild and slightly cold in properties,sweet,pungent and bitter in tastes,and liver,lung,spleen meridian in meridian tropism.In the statistics of herbal medicine efficacy,expelling wind and relieving pain,suppressing liver yang,promoting blood circulation and qi,clearing heart and relieving restlessness,clearing heat and detoxifying,softening liver and relieving pain were used more frequently.The combinations in herbal medicines association included"Atractyodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma-Chuanxiaong Rhizoma","Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum-Paeoniae Radix alba","Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Paeoniae Radix alba","Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum-Chuanxiaong Rhizoma","Bambusae Caulis in Taenia-Chuanxiaong Rhizoma".Herbal medicines clustering clustered 32 kinds of high-frequency herbal medicines used more than 60 times into 6 categories.Complex network analysis screened out the core formula for the treatment of headache:Chuanxiaong Rhizoma,Paeoniae Radix alba,Atractyodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,Bambusae Caulis in Taenia,Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum,Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum,Astragali Radix,Amomi Fructus Rotundus,and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.Conclusion In the treatment of headache,Professor Zhang Yunling holds that the pathogenesis of headache is deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality,deficiency of qi and blood,loss of nourishment of brain collaterals,stagnation of phlegm and dampness,disturbance of wind pathogen,obstruction of brain collaterals,and the location of the disease is related to the five viscera and involves the stomach.Focuses on tonifying deficiency and reducing excess,treats exterior and interior separately,and gives consideration to both the symptoms and the root causes,which often uses drugs to treat headache,such as dispelling wind and relieving pain,promoting blood circulation and relieving pain,relieving spasm and relieving pains,eliminating phlegm and dampness,invigorating qi and spleen,nourishing blood and yin,eliminating dampness and regulating stomach,relieving depression and restlessness,which can provide some reference for the clinical treatment of headache.

Electroencephalogram(EEG)is a non-invasive measurement method of brain electrical activity.In recent years,single/few-channel EEG has been used more and more,but various types of physiological artifacts seriously affect the analysis and wide application of single/few-channel EEG.In this paper,the regression and filtering methods,decomposition methods,blind source separation methods and machine learning methods involved in the various physiological artifacts in single/few-channel EEG are reviewed.According to the characteristics of single/few-channel EEG signals,hybrid EEG artifact removal methods for different scenarios are analyzed and summarized,mainly including single-artifact/multi-artifact scenes and online/offline scenes.In addition,the methods and metrics for validating the performance of the algorithm on semi-simulated and real EEG data are also reviewed.Finally,the development trend of single/few-channel EEG application and physiological artifact processing is briefly described.

Objective　To explore the application of time series models based on meteorological factors in the population density of Aedes albopictus in Hainan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of dengue fever in Hainan Province. Methods　The density of Aedes albopictus in different habitats in 18 cities and counties of Hainan Province from 2017 to 2022 was monitored monthly using the double-mosquito net trapping index and the Breteau index. Mann-Kendall trend test was used to analyze the temporal trends of the two density indices; Spearman's correlation analysis was employed to assess the correlation strength between each meteorological factor and the two indexes, eliminating unrelated variables, and further selecting the final variables through the full-subset regression method. Three time-series models were constructed for the two density indices, with root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and other accuracy metrics used to determine the optimal model; predictions for the density indices for 2023-2024 were made. All statistical analyses were performed in R (4.3.1). Results　The net trapping and Breteau indices showed an overall decrease over the years (Z-values of Mann-Kendall trend test were -6.15 and -4.03, respectively, and P<0.05). The meteorological factor most strongly associated with the trap index was the monthly average minimum temperature; monthly mean minimum temperature and monthly mean relative humidity were strongly correlated with the Breteau index. Based on various evaluation indicators, the multivariate time series model demonstrated the highest accuracy. The study predicts one to two peaks in both the trap index and Breteau Index for the years 2023 and 2024, with peak periods occurring between June to September and May to September, respectively. The predicted value for 2023 aligns with the measured value, demonstrating outstanding predictive accuracy. Conclusions　This study has introduced meteorological factors into the seasonal time series model, allowing for more accurate predictions of the density of Aedes albopictus in Hainan Province from 2023 to 2024, providing a model framework for the prevention and control of dengue fever in Hainan Province.

As the guiding theory for the diagnosis and treatment of encephalopathy in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， The marrow sea theory has important theoretical connotation and clinical value. This paper summarized the clinical research literature on the differentiation and treatment of common encephalopathy based on the marrow sea theory published in recent years， analyzed the treatment method and effects from eight aspects in terms of stroke， dizziness， insomnia， headache， constraint syndrome， dementia， tremor syndrome， and atrophy syndrome， and discussed the possible mechanism based on the relevant basic research. It is believed that marrow sea depletion is the common pathogenesis of encephalopathy in TCM. Guided by the method of supplementing essence and boosting marrow， the corresponding formulas and medicinals are recommended in accordance with differentiated syndromes， which can effectively improve the symptoms of the disease， delay the progression， increase the daily life ability of the patients， and improve the quality of life. Based on the marrow sea theory， the method of supplementing essence and boosting marrow， rectifying healthy qi and dispelling pathogen can be used to highlight the advantages of TCM and provide ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of encephalopathy in TCM.

ObjectiveTo explore the medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine compounds for depression in the National Patent Database using data mining， and to provide ideas for the clinical treatment and the development of new drugs for depression. MethodsThe patent data of traditional Chinese medicine compounds for the treatment of depression were searched from inception to July 1st， 2022 on the Patent Publication Announcement website of China National Intellectual Property Administration. The selected traditional Chinese medicine compounds were analyzed by using the data mining section of the ancient and modern medical record cloud platform （V2.3.5） for drug frequency， and based on this， the nature， flavor， channel entry and function of the medicinals were analyzed. Representative high-frequency herbal combinations were obtained through correlation analysis， while the classification of Chinese medicine compounds for depression was analyzed by cluster analysis， and the core combinations of herbs for the treatment of depression were screened out using complex network analysis. ResultsA total of 325 Chinese medicine compounds were included， involving 452 herbs， with a total frequency of 3532 times. The top 10 mostly used herbs were Yujin （Radix Curcumae， 122 times）， Chaihu （Radix Bupleuri， 122 times）， Baishao （Radix Paeoniae Alba， 109 times）， Suanzaoren （Spina Date Seed， 95 times）， Fuling （Poria， 94 times）， Danggui （Radix Angelicae Sinensis， 94 times）， Yuanzhi （Radix Polygalae， 84 times）， Baizhu （Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae， 72 times）， Shichangpu （Rhizoma Acori Graminei， 71 times）， and Danshen （Salvia Miltiorrhiza， 61 times）. The natures of the herbs were mainly warm （998 times）， neutral （944 times）， slightly cold （596 times） and cold （497 times）； the flavors were mainly sweet （1648 times）， acrid （1392 times）， and bitter （1337 times）； the channels of entry were mainly liver （1695 times）， heart （1521 times）， spleen （1326 times） and lung （1268 times）. The medicinals with the function of soothing liver to relieve constraint， moistening the intestines to promote defecation， calming the heart and the mind， moving qi to relieve constraint were used more frequently. The high frequency herbal combinations by association analysis included “Chaihu （Radix Bupleuri）→ Baishao （Radix Paeoniae Alba）”， “Danggui （Radix Angelicae Sinensis）→Chaihu （Radix Bupleuri）” and “Baishao （Radix Paeoniae Alba）→ Yujin （Radix Curcumae）”. The 22 high frequency medicinals used more than 40 times could be clustered into six categories. Complex network analysis found the core herbal combination for the treatment of depression was the formula of Chaihu （Radix Bupleuri）， Yujin （Radix Curcumae）， Baishao （Radix Paeoniae Alba）， Danggui （Radix Angelicae Sinensis）， Fuling （Poria）， Suanzaoren （Spina Date Seed）， and Xiangfu （Cyperi Rhizoma）. ConclusionTraditional Chinese medicine compounds for the treatment of depression is mainly based on the pathogenesis of constraint， stasis and deficiency， focusing on the liver， heart， spleen and lung， commonly using medicinals with the function of soothing liver to relieve constraint， fortifying spleen and nourishing heart， regulating qi and invigorating blood， and moistening the intestines to promote defecation， which can provide a reference for the clinical treatment and new drug research and development for depression.

The diverse nervous system diseases （NSDs） are common complex refractory systemic diseases in clinical settings， which are manifested as trigeminal neuralgia， facial paralysis， neuromyelitis optica， multiple sclerosis， stroke， vascular dementia， encephalitis B， Parkinson's disease， epilepsy， Alzheimer's disease， amyotrophic lateral sclerosis， and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Amid the accelerating population aging， the morbidity and prevalence of NSDs have been on the rise， posing a threat to quality of life of patients and bringing a heavy burden to society and individuals. This is also a challenge to the clinical prevention and treatment of the diseases. At the moment， NSDs are mainly treated with western medicine which is effective. However， in the long-term use and progression of the diseases， there are some potential risks such as adverse drug reactions， easy recurrence after withdrawal， drug dependence， and drug resistance. From the holistic view， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） excels in treating diseases based on syndrome differentiation. According to the etiology， location， and pathogenesis of diseases in TCM， the overall therapy is applied， shows obvious advantages in alleviating disease symptoms， delaying disease progression， and improving the quality of life. TCM has a long history and categorizes NSDs into encephalopathy. According to clinical practice and theories， toxin is an important pathogen of NSDs in TCM. To be specific， the external toxins are insect and beast toxins， food toxin， toxin of six excesses， and epidemic toxin， and the internal toxins are phlegm toxin， dampness toxin， stasis toxin， fire toxin， and turbid toxin. Accumulation of all pathogens will lead to diseases with multiple syndromes. In the case of sudden attack of toxin， the disease is characterized by rapid onset. In the instance of fierce toxin， disease progresses rapidly. If the toxin is dependent， the disease symptoms are diverse. If the toxin is stubborn and frequently occurs， disease recurrence is common. In the case that toxin damages the collaterals， the healthy Qi is impaired. Controlling physiological function of the body， nervous system corresponds to the house of brain in TCM， which is the extraordinary organ， the house of intelligence， and the seat of mental activities that governs the whole body. In the case of toxin damaging the brain collaterals， cerebrospinal injury and orifice obstruction will occur， followed by disharmony of Qi and blood， Yin-yang imbalance， vital activity injury， disorder of primordial spirit， and dysfunction. The treatment principle should be detoxification and eliminating pathogen， and different diseases should be treated with the same method. At the moment， many doctors and scholars have focused on the prevention and treatment of NSDs based on the toxin pathogen. This paper summarizes the research on the clinical application of toxin pathogen causing disease in NSDs， including the peripheral nerve disease， demyelinating disease of the central nervous system， cerebrovascular disease， infectious disease of central nervous system， movement disorders， epilepsy， nervous system degenerative disease and nervous system complications of internal medicine disease， which is expected to provide some ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of NSDs with TCM.

Objective:To explore the clinical manifestations and surgical outcomes of pediatric epilepsy patients with epileptic spasms (ES) as the main form of seizure, so as to analyze the correlative factors with prognosis and improve the understanding of the operation and preoperative positioning for such patients.Methods:The clinical data of patients with ES who underwent surgery therapy from June 2014 to December 2015 in Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital were collected and retrospectively analyzed.Demographic characteristics, seizure forms, etiology, electroencephalogram (EEG), cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), operative methods, pathological findings as well as surgical outcomes evaluated by Engel classification during follow-up of the subjects were collected.Correlative factors with the prognosis were explored by comparing the data between patients with optimal outcome (Engel Ⅰ) and those with poor outcomes (Engel Ⅱ-Ⅳ).Results:A total of 25 pediatric patients were enrolled, including 16 males (64.0%) and 9 females (36.0%). The age of onset was (0.81±0.68) years, the age at operation was (2.98±1.63) years, and the course of disease was (2.17±1.48) years.Besides, 84.0% (21/25 cases) of the ES patients had multiple forms of seizures and partial seizure (19 cases) was the most common.MRI of the heads of all the children showed definite lesions, including 11 patients (44.0%) with lesions limited to one brain lobe and 14 patients (56.0%) involving multiple brain lobes or hemisphere.The most common etiology was focal cortical dysplasia (13 cases), followed by intracranial developmental tumors (3 cases). All patients underwent resection surgery, including resection of lesion (3 cases), single brain lobe resection (9 cases), multiple brain lobe dissection (3 cases) and hemisphere dissection (10 cases). During a follow-up period of 4.0 to 5.5 years, 1 patient was lost.Among the remaining 24 cases, 18 (75.0%) cases achieved good outcomes and wee classified as EngelⅠ, 2 cases (8.3%) and 4 cases(16.7%) were classified as Engel Ⅱand Ⅳ, respectively.The univariate comparison between the good epilepsy prognosis group and the poor epilepsy prognosis group showed that, patients whose EEG abnormalities are consistent with the anatomical lesions during the inter ictal tend to have good prognosis( P=0.006). Conclusions:(1) Optimal therapeutic effects were observed in ES patients with definite lesions treated by surgical therapy.(2) Interictal EEG consistent with the lesion side may suggest a good prognosis for surgical treatment.(3) Structural causes should be screened as soon as possible if a patient with ES is drug-refractory and presents clues of focal origin.