Objective This article aims to investigate the association between hypertension and the risk of GSD by conducting a national multicenter study,a systematic review,and a meta-analysis.Methods The study was conducted in three stages.In the first stage,subjects were recruited for health examination in four hospitals in Chengdu,Tianjin,Beijing,and Chongqing,China,from 2015 to 2020,and the multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between hypertension and the risk of GSD in each center.In the second stage,Embase,PubMed,Wanfang Data,VIP,and CNKI databases were searched for related studies published up to May 2021,and a meta-analysis was conducted to further verify such association.In the third stage,the random effects model was used for pooled analysis of the results of the multicenter cross-sectional study and the findings of previous literature.Results A total of 633 948 participants were enrolled in the cross-sectional study,and the prevalence rate of GSD was 7.844%.The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension was positively associated with the risk of GSD(P＜0.05).Subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the association between hypertension and GSD between individuals with different sexes,ages,and subtypes of GSD.A total of 80 articles were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis,and the results showed that the risk of GSD was increased by 1.022 times for every 10 mmHg increase in diastolic pressure and 1.014 times for every 10 mmHg increase in systolic pressure.Conclusion Hypertension significantly increases the risk of GSD,and the findings of this study will provide a basis for the etiology of GSD and the identification of high-risk groups.

Cholelithiasis is a common disease of the digestive system.The risk factors for cholelithiasis have been reported and summarized many times in the published literature,which primarily focused on cross-sectional studies.Due to the inherent limitations of the study design,the reported findings still need to be validated in additional longitudinal studies.Moreover,a number of new risk factors for cholelithiasis have been identified in recent years,such as bariatric surgery,hepatitis B virus infection,hepatitis C virus infection,kidney stones,colectomy,osteoporosis,etc.These new findings have not yet been included in published reviews.Herein,we reviewed the 101 cholelithiasis-associated risk factors identified through research based on longitudinal investigations,including cohort studies,randomized controlled trials,and nested case control studies.The risk factors associated with the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis were categorized as unmodifiable and modifiable factors.The unmodifiable factors consist of age,sex,race,and family history,while the modifiable factors include 37 biological environmental factors,25 socioenvironmental factors,and 35 physiochemical environmental factors.This study provides thorough and comprehensive ideas for research concerning the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis,supplying the basis for identifying high-risk groups and formulating relevant prevention strategies.