Cardiovascular diseases （CVD）， particularly atherosclerosis， represent a major global health burden. Recent studies have revealed that innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages can develop immune memory after an initial stimulus， a phenomenon termed “trained immunity”. Growing evidence indicates that trained immunity serves as an underlying mechanism of chronic inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on outlining the key effector cells involved in trained immunity and their mechanisms of formation， including processes such as metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications， which collectively lead to a heightened immune response upon secondary stimulation. Furthermore， this review systematically summarizes the role of trained immunity in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis， and elaborates on various therapeutic strategies targeting trained immunity along with their application prospects.

ObjectiveBased on the clinical characteristics of chronic gouty arthritis （CGA） in both traditional Chinese and western medicine， this study aims to systematically evaluate the clinical concordance of existing CGA animal models， providing recommendations for establishing animal models that align with the pathological characteristics of CGA and the manifestations of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes. MethodsBy comprehensively retrieving Chinese and international databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure， Wanfang， VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database （VIP）， and PubMed， all relevant literature on CGA animal models was collected. Based on the guidelines， the diagnostic criteria of both traditional Chinese and western medicine were summarized and organized. The evaluation indicators for the CGA model were constructed with reference to existing evaluation modes， and the CGA animal models were analyzed to systematically evaluate the clinical concordance of existing models. ResultsThe current methods used to construct CGA animal models mainly include monosodium urate crystal induction， high-protein diet induction （poultry lack urate oxidase）， and high-fat diet combined with urate oxidase inhibitors and joint injection. Based on 11 pieces of included literature， the traditional Chinese and western medicine scoring data of each model were extracted， and the average scoring values of all models were ultimately calculated. The results show that the average clinical concordances of existing CGA animal models in both traditional Chinese and western medicine are 43.33% and 64.44%， respectively. Among them， the model with the highest clinical concordance rate is the one with a high-fat diet combined with potassium oxonate to induce hyperuricemia plus joint injection， achieving 83.33% clinical concordance in western medicine and 60% in traditional Chinese medicine. This model aligns well with the pathogenic characteristics and pathological changes of clinical CGA. ConclusionAlthough current CGA animal models can simulate some pathological characteristics of CGA， they struggle to comprehensively reflect the complex pathological processes of CGA and the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes. Therefore， in the future， it is necessary to establish the CGA animal models that incorporate the clinical disease and syndrome characteristics of traditional Chinese and western medicine and formulate the uniform model evaluation criteria， providing more precise tools for CGA mechanism research and the development of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective: To analyze the school tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks and preventive treatment in Hefei from 2022 to 2024, so as to provide reference for TB prevention and control in schools. Methods: Data were collected on all school based TB outbreaks occurring during 2022-2024 in Hefei, defined as ≥2 epidemiologically linked TB cases within the same school during a single semester. Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi square test. Results: Close contacts exhibited significantly higher TB incidence (2.88%) and latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) rates (13.80%) in the school TB outbreaks, compared to non close contacts (0.12% and 2.63%, respectively). Among close contacts, secondary school students showed lower TB incidence (0.48%) and LTBI prevalence (3.42%) than both primary school or younger children (0.68%, 6.95%) and college students ( 0.78% , 6.50%), with statistically significant differences ( χ 2=360.91, 6.37; 791.71, 102.03, all P <0.05). The proportion of LTBI individuals recommended for preventive therapy was higher in primary school or younger groups (98.59%) than in secondary (95.25%) or college students (86.34%) ( χ 2=25.86, P <0.01). However, among those recommended, close contacts had higher uptake (85.82%) and completion rates (87.25%) of preventive therapy than non close contacts (69.63% and 70.57%); similarly, secondary school students demonstrated higher uptake (91.21%) and completion rates (86.45%) compared to primary school or younger (88.57%, 83.87%) and college students (57.28%, 64.08%) ( χ 2=30.52, 26.72; 125.17, 38.84, all P <0.01). Subsequent TB incidence among LTBI close contacts (13.30%) and among those who did not complete preventive therapy (22.73%) were significantly higher than among non close contacts (2.80%, 2.41%), respectively ( χ 2=32.19, 13.87, both P <0.05). Conclusions In school TB outbreaks, close contacts face higher LTBI prevalence and subsequent TB risk than non close contacts. College students show notably low adherence to preventive therapy. It is necessary to take targeted measures to improve the compliance of preventive measures among students.

Objective This study reports on the obligatory parasitism of water mites Arrenurus sp. on Anopheles messeae at the Manzhouli Port, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Duing July 2024, a survey on the mosquito diversity was conducted at the Manzhouli Port. Captured mosquitoes and their ectoparasites were identified to species level. Results A total of 1840 adult mosquitoes were collected, representing species from three genera: Culex(Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens pallens), Aedes(Ae. dorsalis, Ae. flavidorsalis, Ae. flavescens), and Anopheles (An. messeae). Among all the mosqutioes specimens,3 out of 150 captured An. messeae were found to carry ectoparasitic mites, with number of 2,4,27 mites separately. Morphological and molecular identification reached the same result as water mites(Hydrachnidiae, Hydracrina). COI gene sequence showed 94% similarity with the closest species Arrenurus truncatellus. Conlusions Literature review suggests water mites are host-specific parasitism of mosquito species and herein with the first record of Arrenurus sp. parasiting on An. Messeae in the most high-latitude region globally.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective To explore the performance of gallium nitride(GaN)-based digital circuit chips applied in nuclear radiation environments and investigate the feasibility of their use in control chips for robots transporting injured personnel.Methods First,a GaN-based NAND gate digital circuit chip was fabricated.Second,both the GaN-based digital chip and the SN74AHCT1G00 silicon-based digital chip were irradiated with 60Co gamma-ray.The irradiation doses for the GaN-based digital chip were 1 Mrad(Si)and 2 Mrad(Si),while the irradiation dose for the SN74AHCT1G00 silicon-based digital chip was 1 Mrad(Si).Finally,the post-irradiation electrical performance of the two chips was measured using a Keithley 4200A-SCS semiconductor characterization system.Results Under 60Co gamma-ray irradiation doses of 1 Mrad(Si)and 2 Mrad(Si),the response delay of the GaN-based digital circuit chip was only on the order of 0.1 μs.In contrast,the response rate of the SN74AHCT1G00 silicon-based digital circuit chip significantly degraded under 60Co gamma-ray irradiation dose of 1 Mrad(Si),rendering it unable to perform the NAND gate logic function.Conclusion GaN-based digital circuit chips exhibit high radiation resistance in 60Co gamma-ray irradiation environments,with no significant performance degradation.Compared with silicon-based digital circuit chips,they demonstrate considerable advantages and can preliminarily meet the requirements for control chips of robots transporting injured personnel in nuclear radiation environments.

Objective To design a training device of the flight crew for plateau normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization so as to enhance the flight crew's ability to adapt to the low oxygen environment after rushing into the plateau and reduce the incidence of acute plateau reaction.Methods The training device comprised a plateau environment simulation controller,a multimodal physiological acquisition system and hypoxia exercise training evaluation software.The plateau environment simulation controller was composed of an environment monitor for plateau acclimatization,two composite sensor sets,a control valve and an alarm device;the multimodal physiological acquisition system was made up of 20 groups of vital signs acquisi-tion devices,with a wearable dynamic ECG and respiration recorder,a wrist oximeter and an arm sphygmomano-meter included in each group.The hypoxia exercise training evaluation software was developed with a B/S architecture,Java language and JetBrains 2020.3.Results The training device proved to have the simulation altitude ranging from 0 to 6 000 m and facilitated simultaneous training of 20 persons for normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization,screening for hypoxia endurance,real-time monitoring of physiological parameters and assessment of training effect,with none of the trainees having acute plateau reaction.Conclusion The training device assists the flight crew for plateau normobaric low-oxygen acclimatization,and can be used for acclimatization training before plateau missions.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(8):18-24]

Objective To explore the performance of gallium nitride(GaN)-based digital circuit chips applied in nuclear radiation environments and investigate the feasibility of their use in control chips for robots transporting injured personnel.Methods First,a GaN-based NAND gate digital circuit chip was fabricated.Second,both the GaN-based digital chip and the SN74AHCT1G00 silicon-based digital chip were irradiated with 60Co gamma-ray.The irradiation doses for the GaN-based digital chip were 1 Mrad(Si)and 2 Mrad(Si),while the irradiation dose for the SN74AHCT1G00 silicon-based digital chip was 1 Mrad(Si).Finally,the post-irradiation electrical performance of the two chips was measured using a Keithley 4200A-SCS semiconductor characterization system.Results Under 60Co gamma-ray irradiation doses of 1 Mrad(Si)and 2 Mrad(Si),the response delay of the GaN-based digital circuit chip was only on the order of 0.1 μs.In contrast,the response rate of the SN74AHCT1G00 silicon-based digital circuit chip significantly degraded under 60Co gamma-ray irradiation dose of 1 Mrad(Si),rendering it unable to perform the NAND gate logic function.Conclusion GaN-based digital circuit chips exhibit high radiation resistance in 60Co gamma-ray irradiation environments,with no significant performance degradation.Compared with silicon-based digital circuit chips,they demonstrate considerable advantages and can preliminarily meet the requirements for control chips of robots transporting injured personnel in nuclear radiation environments.

Objective:To investigate the pregnancy outcomes and cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) after in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer (IVF/ICSI-ET) in patients with high basal follicle-stimulating hormone (bFSH) levels. Methods:This retrospective cohort study included clinical data from patients who underwent IVF/ICSI-ET treatment at the Reproductive Medical Center of Peking University Third Hospital from January 2018 to December 2022. Patients were divided into three groups based on the highest bFSH level during all cycles of treatment: group A (15 U/L≤bFSH<25 U/L), group B (25 U/L≤bFSH<40 U/L), and group C (bFSH≥40 U/L). After propensity score matching (PSM) based on the female body mass index, the baseline data, embryology laboratory outcomes, and assisted reproductive outcomes such as clinical pregnancy rate among the three groups of patients were compared. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the impact of various factors on live birth, and the trend of CLBR across multiple cycles was also studied.Results:After PSM, 340 cycles were included in group A, 340 cycles were included in group B, 127 cycles were included in group C. There were statistically significant differences among the three groups in antral follicle count, bFSH, basal progesterone, basal luteinizing hormone, and anti-Müllerian hormone levels ( P=0.004, P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001). In the analysis of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocols, groups A and B mainly used conventional COS protocol, while group C primarily used mild stimulation protocol. The duration and dosage of gonadotropin used were the highest in group A [10 (7, 12) d, 2 728 (1 650, 3 725) U], with statistically significant differences among the three groups (all P<0.001). On the day of human chorionic gonadotropin injection, there were statistically significant differences in estradiol and progesterone levels among the three groups ( P=0.022 and P=0.048, respectively). The cancellation rate of cycles did not differ significantly among the three groups ( P>0.05), while the number of oocytes retrieved ( P<0.001) and the rate of cycles with no transferable embryos ( P=0.034) showed statistically significant differences. The type of embryos transferred in all three groups was mainly cleavage-stage embryos, and there were statistically significant differences in the rate of two pronuclei and high-quality embryos among the groups ( P=0.003 and P=0.006, respectively). The rate of high-quality embryos decreased with increasing bFSH levels, and comparisons between group A and group B, as well as group A and group C, showed statistically significant differences (all P<0.016 7). The biochemical pregnancy rate and the clinical pregnancy rate in fresh cycles differed significantly among the three groups ( P=0.025 and P=0.010, respectively), while the live birth rate per initiated cycle showed marginal significance ( P=0.058). However, the miscarriage rate and the live birth rate per transfer cycle did not differ significantly among the groups (all P>0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that bFSH ( OR=0.955, 95% CI: 0.912-1.000, P=0.050) and the number of oocytes retrieved ( OR=1.104, 95% CI: 1.009-1.207, P=0.031) were independent predictors of live birth. Analysis of CLBR curves across multiple oocyte retrieval cycles showed that CLBR gradually increased with the number of oocyte retrievals and stabilized at 14.32% after the fifth retrieval. Conclusion:High bFSH levels reduce the live birth rate per initiated cycle but do not affect the live birth rate per transfer cycle. Increasing age and a low number of oocytes retrieved can both decrease the live birth rate. Multiple oocyte retrieval and transfer cycles can improve CLBR in patients with high bFSH level to some extent, but it tends to stabilize after the fifth cycle.

Objective:To investigate the outcomes of natural cycle (NC) and modified natural cycle (MNC) assisted reproductive technology (ART) in patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), and to provide a scientific basis for individualized treatment strategies for DOR patients.Methods:A retrospective cohort analysis was performed on the clinical data of DOR patients who underwent ART at the Center for Reproductive Medicine of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2023. Patients were divided into the NC group ( n=801) and the MNC group ( n=385) based on their treatment protocol. The primary outcomes were cycle cancellation rate and oocyte retrieval rate. Secondary outcomes included clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate per fresh embryo transfer cycle and frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle, cumulative pregnancy rate and cumulative live birth rate per started cycle and per transfer cycle, as well as laboratory parameters such as the number of retrieved oocytes, the number of two pronuclei (2PN) fertilized oocytes, the number of transferable embryos, and transferable embryo formation rate. Further, multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of the treatment protocol on pregnancy and live birth outcomes. Results:There were no statistically significant differences between the NC and MNC groups in terms of general characteristics such as age, body mass index, and baseline hormone levels (all P>0.05). The cycle cancellation rate was significantly higher in the NC group [19.10% (153/801)] than in the MNC group [10.65% (41/385), P<0.001], and the oocyte retrieval rate was significantly lower in the NC group [66.31% (431/650)] than in the MNC group [74.86% (259/346), P=0.005]. The number of retrieved oocytes [1 (0,1)], the number of 2PN fertilized oocytes [1 (0,1)], and the number of transferable embryos [0 (0, 1)] were also significantly lower in the NC group than in the MNC group [1 (1, 2), P<0.001; 1 (1, 1), P<0.001; 0 (0, 1), P<0.001]. However, there were no statistically significant differences in 2PN fertilization rate and transferable embryo formation rate between the NC and MNC groups (all P>0.05). In both fresh embryo transfer cycles and frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate between the NC and MNC groups (all P>0.05). The cumulative pregnancy rate per started cycle and transfer cycle, the cumulative live birth rate per started cycle and per transfer cycle were also not significantly different between the NC and MNC groups (all P>0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis showed no significant association between NC and clinical pregnancy or live birth compared with MNC. Conclusion:While MNC to some extent reduced the cycle cancellation rate and improved oocyte retrieval rates compared with NC, it did not ultimately improve pregnancy outcomes in DOR patients.