Attention deficit and hyperactive disorder （ADHD） is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. It seriously impairs academic achievement， social interaction， and vocational development， and increases the risk of accidental injury and substance abuse. In some cases， the symptoms may also exert an indirect disruptive effect on public order. Its aetiology involves interactions among genetic， perinatal environmental， and psychosocial factors that cannot be fully disentangled by single clinical studies. Therefore， a systematic evaluation of existing animal models is essential for revealing pathophysiology and developing novel therapies. Using the keywords "attention deficit and hyperactive disorder"， "models， animal"， "validity"， and their English equivalents， we systematically searched PubMed， Web of Science， CNKI， and Wanfang for publications from 2000 to 2025 （retrieving 328 publications） and added further references by citation tracking. Eighty-six rodent ADHD models that provided detailed construction protocols， behavioural assessments， neurobiological mechanisms， or pharmacological data were included and classified into spontaneous genetic， genetically engineered， and environmentally induced paradigms. Their face， construct， and predictive validity were compared. Among spontaneous genetic models， spontaneously hypertensive rats reproduce hyperactivity， impulsivity， and stimulant responses well， yet hypertension and sex differences limit specificity. Acallosal mouse strains link corpus callosum absence to ADHD-like behaviours， but neurotransmitter studies remain scarce. Genetically engineered rodents—including dopamine transporter， neurokinin-1 receptor and mediator complex subunit 23 knockout or conditional gene knockout lines—precisely dissect dopaminergic， noradrenergic， synaptic， or epigenetic pathways， yet generally lack full phenotypic coverage， social-deficit modelling， and comorbidity representation， and are accompanied by adverse effects such as growth retardation or ocular defects. Environmentally induced models employ lead， polychlorinated biphenyls， alcohol， nicotine exposures， 6-hydroxydopamine lesions， neonatal hypoxia， early social isolation， or maternal stress to recapitulate core symptoms. However， dose-schedule standardisation is lacking. Behavioural reversibility diverges from clinical persistence， and non-specific phenotypes such as anxiety or depression are common. Overall， no single paradigm simultaneously achieves high validity across all three dimensions. Currently， ADHD models have progressed from single-factor simulations to multidimensional evaluation， yet significant gaps remain in genetic-background standardisation， sex differences， cross-species translation， and syndrome-differentiation modelling under traditional Chinese medicine. Future directions should integrate genetic， environmental， and epigenetic interactions， establish life-span validation systems， and incorporate computational neuroscience alongside integrative Chinese-Western strategies to enhance clinical relevance and translational utility， thereby providing robust evidence-based support for mechanistic elucidation， drug screening and precision intervention in ADHD.

ObjectiveThe malaria parasites remodel the host erythrocyte structure by exporting parasite proteins that interact with the membrane skeleton proteins of red blood cells (RBCs), facilitating their intracellular survival and pathogenicity. Skeleton-binding protein 1 (SBP1) is a conserved exported protein across Plasmodium species. In Plasmodium falciparum, SBP1 has been reported to interact with erythrocyte membrane skeleton proteins 4.1R and spectrin, while its contribution to erythrocyte remodeling and parasite virulence in Plasmodium berghei (Pb) remains unclear. This study aims to determine whether PbSBP1 associates with the host cytoskeletal protein 4.1R and to investigate its role in the remodeling of host RBCs and the pathogenicity of Plasmodium berghei. MethodsIn Plasmodium berghei, the relationship between PbSBP1 and the erythrocyte cytoskeletal protein 4.1R was examined using co-immunoprecipitation. A Pbsbp1 gene knockout mutant of Plasmodium berghei (Pbsbp1∆) was generated based on the principle of double crossover homologous recombination. The deformability of erythrocytes infected with Pbsbp1∆ parasites was assessed using microfluidic methods. Microchannels with an array of cylindrical pillars were used to detect modifications in infected RBC deformability. The infected RBCs were squashed between the rows and recovered between the columns and the transit velocity (μm/s) of infected RBCs travelling through the microchannel was recorded. The component of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton junctional complex, tropomodulin (TMOD), was fluorescently labeled, and the cytoskeletal network of infected erythrocytes was imaged using super-resolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to analyze ultrastructural changes in the cytoskeleton of wild-type (WT) and Pbsbp1∆-infected erythrocytes. Actin-based junctional complexes were displayed as individual clusters by the labeled TMOD in the STORM images, and the cluster densities and distances between adjacent clusters of infected RBCs were calculated. Additionally, rodent malaria models (BALB/c mice) and experimental cerebral malaria models (C57BL/6 mice) were employed to monitor the growth of Pbsbp1∆ and WT parasites during the intraerythrocytic stage and their capacity to induce cerebral malaria in mice. ResultsPbSBP1 may participate in the remodeling of infected erythrocytes through direct or indirect interaction with the erythrocyte cytoskeletal protein 4.1R. Microfluidic assays revealed that the deformability of erythrocytes infected with Pbsbp1∆ parasites was significantly enhanced compared to those infected with WT parasites. STORM imaging further demonstrated that the ultrastructure of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton in Pbsbp1∆-infected cells was altered relative to that in WT-infected erythrocytes. The distances between nearest neighbors of clusters had a tendency to increase while the cluster densities were decreased in Pbsbp1∆-infected RBCs compared to WT-infected RBCs. Subsequent phenotypic analysis indicated that the growth rate of Pbsbp1∆ parasites during the intraerythrocytic stage was significantly slower than that of WT parasites, and their ability to induce cerebral malaria in mice was also attenuated. These findings suggest that PbSBP1 is involved in the remodeling of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, likely through its direct or indirect interaction with protein 4.1R, thereby regulating the deformability of infected erythrocytes and influencing the pathogenicity of the blood-stage parasites. ConclusionThis study establishes a role for PbSBP1 in host erythrocyte remodeling and parasite virulence, providing new research strategies for the prevention and treatment of malaria.

Amblyopia is a common visual development disorder and is the main cause of monocular vision impairment in children and adults. Photobiomodulation(PBM), a non-invasive treatment method, has gradually gained attention in the field of ophthalmology. This paper begins with the macroscopic manifestation of light on the animal model of amblyopia. Additionally, it discusses the pathological changes of the amblyopic retina and the human eye's central nervous system, as well as the influence and mechanism of PBM on the visual perception and processing system and its chemical effect on the visual system through dopamine and melatonin. It examines its mechanism of action, current clinical application status, and future development direction in order to provide new ideas and theoretical foundation for amblyopia treatment.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)with half-dose recombinant staphylokinase(r-SAK)in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)who are expected to undergo PCI within 120 minutes.Methods From October 2021 to August 2022,a total of 200 STEMI patients in eight centers were included and randomly assigned in a 1﹕1 ratio to either r-SAK group or control group.Patients received loading doses of aspirin and ticagrelor and intravenous heparin and were randomized to receive an intravenous bolus of either 5 mg r-SAK or normal saline prior to PCI.The outcomes were set as ST-segment resolution(STR)at 60-90 minutes after PCI,the proportion and transition of pathological Q waves on the 5th day after PCI,and the proportion of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T(hs-cTnT)peaking within 12 hours of onset.The safety outcome was major bleeding events defined as Bleeding Academic Research Consortium(BARC)≥type 3 bleeding during hospitalization.Results Compared with the control group,the r-SAK group had a higher proportion of STR≥70%within 60-90 minutes after PCI(58.3%vs.40.3%,P=0.009);a lower proportion of pathological Q waves(59.1%vs.74.1%,P=0.040);a lower rate of Q wave progression(14.8%vs.43.2%,P＜0.001);a higher rate of Q wave disappearance(12.5%vs.3.7%,P=0.027);and a higher proportion of hs-cTnT peaking within 12 hours of symptom onset[31/40(77.5%)vs.17/33(51.5%),P=0.027].Regarding the safety outcome,no significant difference in BARC≥type 3 bleeding was found between the two groups during hospitalization(P＞0.05).Conclusions For STEMI patients who were expected to undergo primary PCI within 120 minutes of symptom onset,the facilitated PCI with half-dose r-SAK significantly increased the proportion of STR≥70%at 60-90 minutes after PCI,reduced the formation of pathological Q waves,and shortened the time to peak hs-cTnT,without increasing the risk of bleeding,which should be an alternative reperfusion strategy worthy of further study.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of the population of skeletal fluorosis patients in drinking-tea-borne endemic fluorosis (referred to as drinking-tea-borne fluorosis) areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (referred to as Inner Mongolia) and the influencing factors of treatment willingness, and to provide a basis for improving the prevention and control measures of drinking-tea-borne fluorosis and the treatment plan of skeletal fluorosis.Methods:From August to October 2022, a face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted in key areas of drinking-tea-borne fluorosis in Inner Mongolia (administrative villages with an average daily intake of tea fluoride > 3.5 mg and skeletal fluorosis patients identified by the general survey of drinking-tea-borne fluorosis in Inner Mongolia in 2019), and to investigate the demographic, severity, and treatment status of patients with skeletal fluorosis, analyze the demographic characteristics of patients with skeletal fluorosis and the influencing factors of treatment willingness.Results:A total of 734 patients with skeletal fluorosis were investigated, including 543 mild cases, 125 moderate cases and 66 severe cases. The gender ratio of patients with skeletal fluorosis was 0.71 ∶ 1.00 (305/429), the age was concentrated in > 50 - 70 years old (70.57%, 518/734), the proportion of Mongolians was 94.28% (692/734), the proportion of herders was 97.68% (717/734), the educational level was mainly primary school (54.63%, 401/734), and the proportion of poor households and immigrants who had moved to their current residence was 7.08% (52/734) and 8.04% (59/734), respectively. The distribution of the severity of skeletal fluorosis in patients of different ages, genders, and educational levels was compared, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Fifty-three point two seven percent (391/734) of the patients had a willingness to undergo non-pharmacological treatment, of which 69.82% (273/391) had already started non-pharmacological treatment, with a treatment effectiveness rate of 73.99% (202/273). Sixty-five point two six percent (479/734) of the patients had a willingness to receive medication treatment, of which 7.31% (35/479) had already started medication treatment, with a treatment effectiveness rate of 54.29% (19/35). Zero point two seven percent (2/734) of the patients expressed a willingness to undergo surgical treatment, while no patients underwent surgical treatment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the age, ethnicity, occupation, educational level, poverty status, immigrants status, and the severity of skeletal fluorosis were all influencing factors of non-pharmacological treatment willingness ( P < 0.05). Occupation, educational level, poverty status, immigrants status, and the severity of skeletal fluorosis were all influencing factors of medication treatment willingness ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:Patients with skeletal fluorosis caused by tea drinking in Inner Mongolia are mainly from Mongolian ethnic groups, herders, middle-aged and elderly people, and those with a lower educational levels. The willingness of patients to receive treatment is influenced by various factors, and corresponding intervention measures can be formulated and taken based on these influencing factors to effectively improve the disease prevention awareness and treatment willingness of patients and the public.

Objective To develop a hypoxia endurance testing system for aviation physiological training of pilots.Methods The hypoxia endurance testing system comprised a low-oxygen mixed gas generator,a pressurization system for low-oxygen mixed gas and a personal breathing apparatus.The low-oxygen mixed gas generator consisted of a main unit composed of an air compressor,a filter,a buffer tank,polymer membrane,a control module,sensors and regulators,wire cables,supporting hoses,etc.;the pressurization system for low-oxygen mixed gas was made up of a protective box,a cooling fan,a motor and a driver,a control module,a solenoid valve,a convergence block,a pressure gauge,etc.;the personal breating apparatus was composed of a gas cylinder,a pressure reducer,an oxygen supply regulator,etc.Forty-eight subjects were selected for hypoxia exposure tests to verify the effectiveness of the system.Results The system developed had the functions of low-oxygen gas preparation,pressurized filling and hypoxia experiment,and the experimental results indicated the acute hypoxia exposure by the system significantly caused signs and symptoms of hypoxia and weakened physiological functions.Conclusion The system developed gains advantages in high accuracy of gas volume fraction control,safety and remarkable effect of simulated hypoxia,and can be an effective tool for acute high-altitude hypoxia testing and training of pilots.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(10):23-28]

Aim To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Qingjie Huagong decoction in modulating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in inflammatory response of acute pancreatitis(AP)mice.Methods Twenty-four mice were randomly divided into Blank group,Model group,Ustekin group,and Qingjie Hua-gong decoction group,with six mice in each group.The AP model was prepared by using rain frogin.Serum α-AMS,PNLP,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-18,and TNF-α lev-els were detected by ELISA;the pancreatic pathology was detected by HE staining;the expressions of PI3K,AKT,and NF-κB-related proteins and mRNAs were de-tected by immunohistochemistry,Western blot,and RT-qPCR.Results Compared with the blank group,the model group showed obvious pathological damage to the pancreas,with significantly higher serum α-AMS,PN-LP,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-18,and TNF-α levels(P＜0.01),and significantly higher levels of PI3K,AKT,and NF-κB-related proteins and mRNA expression(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,both the Qingjie Huagong decoction group and the ustekin group improved the histopathological changes in the pancreas of AP mice,decreased the serum α-AMS,PNLP,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-18,and TNF-α levels,and down-reg-ulated the expression levels of pancreatic PI3K,AKT,NF-κB-related proteins and mRNA(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion Qingjie Huagong decoction may inhibit the inflammatory response and protect pancreat-ic tissues by regulating the expression of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective:To understand the feelings and experiences of patients with dizziness caused by cerebrovascular diseases, and to provide a reference basis for the development of nursing intervention measures.Methods:Semi-structured interviews were carried out from November 2024 to February 2025 by phenomenology method. The patients with dizziness caused by cerebrovascular diseases who were hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were selected by purposive sampling method. The interview data were analyzed by the Colaizzi 7-step analysis method to summarize and extract the themes.Results:Finally, 16 patients with dizziness caused by cerebrovascular diseases were interviewed, including 6 males and 10 females, aged 43 to 73 years. The feeling and experience of patients with dizziness caused by cerebrovascular diseases could be summarized into three themes: persistent physical symptoms (physiological function imbalance, the superposition of multiple symptoms); patients had cognitive biases (symptom risk cognitive bias, symptom knowledge cognitive bias, drug effect cognitive bias); patients' self-perceived burden was obvious(physical burden, emotional burden, and economic burden).Conclusions:The patients with dizziness caused by cerebrovascular diseases show multi-dimensional characteristics, and there are many burdens and needs in physiological, psychological and social aspects. We should pay attention to the symptom experience and psychological feelings of such patients, and give targeted health education and multi-dimensional social support.

Objective:To explore the developmental trajectory and influencing factors of self-management behavior among stroke patients.Methods:A total of 478 ischemic stroke patients admitted to the department of neurology of a grade-Ⅲ hospital in Henan Province from July 2023 to June 2024 were selected as the investigation objects. Baseline data of patients were collected using the general situation questionnaire, stroke knowledge questionnaire, stroke health belief scale, stroke self-management behavior scale and self-rating depression scale. The self-management behavior level of patients was assessed at discharge, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after discharge. Mplus 7.0 software was used to conduct trajectory analysis of stroke patients' self-management behaviors, and multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors associated with the development trajectory types of different stroke self-management behaviors.Results:The self-management behavior scores of stroke patients at discharge, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after discharge were 206.59(167.59, 230.57), 169.59(129.73, 196.73), 149.82(120.89, 171.48), and 147.14(123.02, 181.64), respectively. Four trajectory categories were described. Category 1 was low-level pattern of initial decrease followed by stabilization, accounting for 16.95%(81/478)( P<0.001, intercept=2.701). Category 2 was low-level pattern of initial decrease followed by increase, accounting for 12.97%(62/478)( P<0.001, intercept =2.696). Category 3 was medium-level pattern of initial decrease followed by stabilization, accounting for 57.11%(273/478)( P<0.001, intercept =3.829). Category 4 was high-level pattern of initial decrease followed by increase, accounting for 12.97%(62/478)( P<0.001, intercept=4.366). The self-management behavior of stroke patients with low level of stroke knowledge, low level of health belief, aged 60 to 70 years old, residence in rural areas and middle school and below education level were more likely to belong to the low level group(all P<0.05). Patients with low depression in the low level group were more likely to be classified as low-level pattern of initial decrease followed by increase( P<0.05). Conclusion:The trajectory category of self-management behavior could be predicted by stroke knowledge level, health belief level, age, place of residence, educational background and depression. Their self-management behavior level may be improved through targeted interventions according to the characteristics of different trajectory categories.

Aim To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Qingjie Huagong decoction in modulating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in inflammatory response of acute pancreatitis(AP)mice.Methods Twenty-four mice were randomly divided into Blank group,Model group,Ustekin group,and Qingjie Hua-gong decoction group,with six mice in each group.The AP model was prepared by using rain frogin.Serum α-AMS,PNLP,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-18,and TNF-α lev-els were detected by ELISA;the pancreatic pathology was detected by HE staining;the expressions of PI3K,AKT,and NF-κB-related proteins and mRNAs were de-tected by immunohistochemistry,Western blot,and RT-qPCR.Results Compared with the blank group,the model group showed obvious pathological damage to the pancreas,with significantly higher serum α-AMS,PN-LP,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-18,and TNF-α levels(P＜0.01),and significantly higher levels of PI3K,AKT,and NF-κB-related proteins and mRNA expression(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,both the Qingjie Huagong decoction group and the ustekin group improved the histopathological changes in the pancreas of AP mice,decreased the serum α-AMS,PNLP,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-18,and TNF-α levels,and down-reg-ulated the expression levels of pancreatic PI3K,AKT,NF-κB-related proteins and mRNA(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion Qingjie Huagong decoction may inhibit the inflammatory response and protect pancreat-ic tissues by regulating the expression of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.