[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.08.009.].

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Ischemic heart disease(IHD)is one of the major threats to global health,characterized by complex and incompletely elucidated pathogenesis.Recently,with the continuous advancement of epige-netic research,lactylation(Kla),a newly discovered type of protein post-translational modification,has gradually attracted attention.Kla significantly influences the pathophysiological processes and cellular molecular functions of IHD by directly affecting gene transcription,signal transduction,and metabolic pathways.Kla extensively occurs in both histones and non-histone proteins and participates in regulating protein functions involved in various pathological processes.By modulating enzymatic activities and signal transduction pathways,Kla affects multiple processes in cardiomyocytes,including energy metabolism,inflammatory response,angiogenesis,lipid metabolic disorders,apoptosis,fibrosis,and myocardial re-pair.Although current studies on specific mechanisms and therapeutic targets of Kla in IHD remain limit-ed,its potential therapeutic value cannot be overlooked.This review summarizes the mechanisms and re-search progress of Kla in critical pathological stages of IHD,such as myocardial infarction,myocardial is-chemia-reperfusion injury,heart failure,and cardiac hypertrophy.Furthermore,we discuss the potential therapeutic targets and application prospects of Kla,aiming to provide insights and directions for identif-ying effective intervention strategies and opening new avenues for the prevention and treatment of IHD.

Objective To explore the biological effects and changes of metabolites of Guilu erxian glue(GLE)in vivo in the pre-vention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis(PMO),based on non-targeted metabolomics.Methods Fifty SD female rats were divided into five groups using the random number table method:sham group,model group(OVX),and low-,medium-,and high-dose GLE(GLE-L,GLE-M and GLE-H)groups,with ten mice in each group.After 1 week of modeling,the drug was given by gavage,and samples were collected 8 weeks later.Bone microstructure was detected by MicroCT,bone metabolism-related indices were analyzed by immunohistochemistry(IHC),and a serum metabolite atlas was constructed using the LC-MS/MS technique to observe the distribution differences of metabolites and related pathways.Results The MicroCT results showed that GLE could increase the percentage of bone trabeculae and restore bone microstructure(P<0.05,GLE-M group vs.OVX group).IHC analysis showed that GLE could increase Runx2 expression in femur(P<0.05,GLE-M group vs.OVX group).There were four co-regulated metabolites in the sham group,GLE-H group,and OVX group,including 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid,acetamide,Equol,and 1-oleoacyl-SN-glycerol-3-phosphocholine,which showed high expression in the sham group,low expression in the OVX group,and high expression in the GLE-M group.The KEGG pathway result showed that the main pathways involved between the sham group and OVX group were steroid hormone biosynthesis and cortisol synthesis and secretion.Tryptophan metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism were observed in the GLE group and OVX group.Conclusion GLE may prevent PMO by regulating metabolites in the body.

Objective To explore the biological effects and changes of metabolites of Guilu erxian glue(GLE)in vivo in the pre-vention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis(PMO),based on non-targeted metabolomics.Methods Fifty SD female rats were divided into five groups using the random number table method:sham group,model group(OVX),and low-,medium-,and high-dose GLE(GLE-L,GLE-M and GLE-H)groups,with ten mice in each group.After 1 week of modeling,the drug was given by gavage,and samples were collected 8 weeks later.Bone microstructure was detected by MicroCT,bone metabolism-related indices were analyzed by immunohistochemistry(IHC),and a serum metabolite atlas was constructed using the LC-MS/MS technique to observe the distribution differences of metabolites and related pathways.Results The MicroCT results showed that GLE could increase the percentage of bone trabeculae and restore bone microstructure(P<0.05,GLE-M group vs.OVX group).IHC analysis showed that GLE could increase Runx2 expression in femur(P<0.05,GLE-M group vs.OVX group).There were four co-regulated metabolites in the sham group,GLE-H group,and OVX group,including 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid,acetamide,Equol,and 1-oleoacyl-SN-glycerol-3-phosphocholine,which showed high expression in the sham group,low expression in the OVX group,and high expression in the GLE-M group.The KEGG pathway result showed that the main pathways involved between the sham group and OVX group were steroid hormone biosynthesis and cortisol synthesis and secretion.Tryptophan metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism were observed in the GLE group and OVX group.Conclusion GLE may prevent PMO by regulating metabolites in the body.

Ischemic heart disease(IHD)is one of the major threats to global health,characterized by complex and incompletely elucidated pathogenesis.Recently,with the continuous advancement of epige-netic research,lactylation(Kla),a newly discovered type of protein post-translational modification,has gradually attracted attention.Kla significantly influences the pathophysiological processes and cellular molecular functions of IHD by directly affecting gene transcription,signal transduction,and metabolic pathways.Kla extensively occurs in both histones and non-histone proteins and participates in regulating protein functions involved in various pathological processes.By modulating enzymatic activities and signal transduction pathways,Kla affects multiple processes in cardiomyocytes,including energy metabolism,inflammatory response,angiogenesis,lipid metabolic disorders,apoptosis,fibrosis,and myocardial re-pair.Although current studies on specific mechanisms and therapeutic targets of Kla in IHD remain limit-ed,its potential therapeutic value cannot be overlooked.This review summarizes the mechanisms and re-search progress of Kla in critical pathological stages of IHD,such as myocardial infarction,myocardial is-chemia-reperfusion injury,heart failure,and cardiac hypertrophy.Furthermore,we discuss the potential therapeutic targets and application prospects of Kla,aiming to provide insights and directions for identif-ying effective intervention strategies and opening new avenues for the prevention and treatment of IHD.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the main component of caveolin,which can participate in physiological processes such as endocytosis,lipid transport and signal transduction.In recent years,more and more studies have found that the ubiquitination modification of Cav-1 can not only affect the level of Cav-1 it-self,but also cause conformational changes of interacting molecules by changing the protein structure,and then play various roles in different diseases.Cav-1 contains 12 lysine residues,of which 6 lysine res-idues in the N-terminal domain (5/26/30/39/47/57) are essential for the ubiquitination of Cav-1.The types and sites of ubiquitination of Cav-1 are different in diseases,and ubiquitination can be degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and lysosomal pathway.In this paper,we reviewed the relevant studies of Cav-1 ubiquitination in respiratory,digestive,neurological,endocrine,mammary reproduction and other systemic diseases,and found that Cav-1 ubiquitination mainly involves tumor,inflammation,meta-bolic diseases and other disease processes.By reviewing the role of Cav-1 ubiquitination in different dis-ease models and cells,it is hoped to deepen the understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological significance of Cav-1 ubiquitination,and provide directions for possible future interventions.

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the main component of caveolin,which can participate in physiological processes such as endocytosis,lipid transport and signal transduction.In recent years,more and more studies have found that the ubiquitination modification of Cav-1 can not only affect the level of Cav-1 it-self,but also cause conformational changes of interacting molecules by changing the protein structure,and then play various roles in different diseases.Cav-1 contains 12 lysine residues,of which 6 lysine res-idues in the N-terminal domain (5/26/30/39/47/57) are essential for the ubiquitination of Cav-1.The types and sites of ubiquitination of Cav-1 are different in diseases,and ubiquitination can be degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and lysosomal pathway.In this paper,we reviewed the relevant studies of Cav-1 ubiquitination in respiratory,digestive,neurological,endocrine,mammary reproduction and other systemic diseases,and found that Cav-1 ubiquitination mainly involves tumor,inflammation,meta-bolic diseases and other disease processes.By reviewing the role of Cav-1 ubiquitination in different dis-ease models and cells,it is hoped to deepen the understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological significance of Cav-1 ubiquitination,and provide directions for possible future interventions.

Aim To prepare prostate cancer exosomes containing melittin and observe their uptake by prostate cancer cells. Methods Cells treated with starvation for different time were screened for exosome extraction. Exosomes from PC-3 cells were extracted by ultracentrifugation, and the extracted particles were examined by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analyzer(NTA), and Western blot. Melittin exosome system was prepared by repeated freeze-thaw method, incubation at room temperature as well as electroporation, and the size of encapsulation efficiency was measured by centrifugation. A high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method was applied to assay the content of melittin exosomes(exo-mel). Fluorescence inverted microscopy was employed to evaluate the uptake of melittin exosomes by PC-3 cells, DU145 cells as well as LNCaP cells. Results The results of starvation treatment showed that 24 h starvation treatment was the optimal time point. TEM results showed that the exosomes were round or oval in shape with a distinct membranous structure, and the diameter was around 100 nm. The reagent protein concentration for NTA analysis of exosomes was 0.222 g·L-1. The results of Western blot for the marker proteins of exosomes showed that Alix and CD63 were positively expressed, which indicated that the exosomes could be obtained by starvation culture of PC-3 cells and ultracentrifugation. The results of entrapment efficiency showed that the entrapment efficiency of electroporation method was 17.51% ± 2.39%, that of repeated freeze-thaw method was 11.46% ± 1.02%, and that of room temperature incubation method was 3.93% ± 2.44%. The encapsulation efficiency of electroporation was the highest with significant difference(P<0.05). The uptake assay showed that PC-3 cells could efficiently take up exo-mel in a time-dependent manner, and DU145 cells and LNCaP cells also could take up exo-mel over time. Conclusions Exosomes can be accessed by starvation treatment and high-speed centrifugation, and the prostate cancer melittin exosome system prepared by electroporation method could be taken up by prostate cancer cells.