Background/Aims: Despite the high efficacy of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), approximately 1–3% of hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients fail to achieve a sustained virological response. We conducted a nationwide study to investigate risk factors associated with DAA treatment failure. Machine-learning algorithms have been applied to discriminate subjects who may fail to respond to DAA therapy. Methods: We analyzed the Taiwan HCV Registry Program database to explore predictors of DAA failure in HCV patients. Fifty-five host and virological features were assessed using multivariate logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and artificial neural network. The primary outcome was undetectable HCV RNA at 12 weeks after the end of treatment. Results: The training (n=23,955) and validation (n=10,346) datasets had similar baseline demographics, with an overall DAA failure rate of 1.6% (n=538). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, poor DAA adherence, and higher hemoglobin A1c were significantly associated with virological failure. XGBoost outperformed the other algorithms and logistic regression models, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 1.000 in the training dataset and 0.803 in the validation dataset. The top five predictors of treatment failure were HCV RNA, body mass index, α-fetoprotein, platelets, and FIB-4 index. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the XGBoost model (cutoff value=0.5) were 99.5%, 69.7%, 99.9%, 97.4%, and 99.5%, respectively, for the entire dataset. Conclusions Machine learning algorithms effectively provide risk stratification for DAA failure and additional information on the factors associated with DAA failure.

INTRODUCTION: Timely detection of dementia enables early access to dementia-specific care services and interventions. Various stakeholders brought together to refine Singapore's dementia care strategy identified a lack of a standardised cognitive screening tool and the absence of a comparative review of existing tools. We hence conducted a rapid review to evaluate the diagnostic performance of brief cognitive screening tools in identifying possible dementia among community-dwelling older adults in Singapore. METHOD: Brief cognitive screening tools were defined as interviews or tests administered in ≤5 minutes. Studies performed in Singapore on older adults ≥60 years, which used locally-validated comparators and reported outcomes of clinician-diagnosed dementia were included. Rapid review methodology was used in study screening and selection. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies version 2 tool was used for risk-of-bias assessment. A negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of ≤0.2 was defined a priori as having a moderate effect in shifting post-test probability. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included in qualitative synthesis: 3 studies evaluated self-/informant-based tools only, 4 evaluated performance-based measures only and 7 evaluated combination approaches. Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia (AD8) was the most studied self-/ informant-based tool. One study found informant AD8 (iAD8) superior to self-rated AD8. Another study found iAD8 superior to Mini-Mental State Examination. Among performance-based measures, Abbreviated Mental Test, Visual Cognitive Assessment Test-Short form version 1 (VCAT-S1), VCAT-S2 and Mini-Cog had LR- <0.2. Minimal improvement of combination approaches compared to iAD8 alone was demonstrated. CONCLUSION Our review suggests the limited utility of dementia screening in communities with low dementia prevalence and supports a case-finding approach instead. With a reliable informant, iAD8 alone has sufficient discriminant ability. Further research is needed to specifically assess the diagnostic ability of performance-based tools in community settings.
Humans ; Singapore ; Dementia/diagnosis* ; Aged ; Independent Living ; Mass Screening/methods* ; Middle Aged ; Aged, 80 and over

OBJECTIVES: To establish a method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of etomidate and its metabolite etomidate acid in blood, and to discuss its application value in actual cases. METHODS: Acetonitrile precipitate protein method was used, and C₁₈ column was selected. Gradient elution was performed with acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate within 6 min. Electrospray ionization source in positive ion mode was used. The internal standard etomidate acid-d₅ was obtained by etomidate-d₅ alkaline hydrolysis reaction. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used for quantitative analysis. The methodological verification was conducted. RESULTS: Etomidate and etomidate acid in blood showed good linear relationship in the quantitative linear range (r>0.999), with the lower limit of quantification was 2.5 ng/mL and 7.5 ng/mL, respectively. The accuracy, precision, recovery rate, and matrix effect of the method met the professional verification standards. The practical application results showed that etomidate and etomidate acid could be detected in the blood of the abusers, and their mass concentrations ranged from 17.24 to 379.93 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS The method established in this study can simultaneously quantify etomidate and etomidate acid in blood, which is simple and convenient to operate with accuracy. It can meet the detection needs of actual cases and provide technical support for law enforcement to crack down on etomidate abuse.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Etomidate ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods* ; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Acetonitriles

BACKGROUND: There is limited information about thymosin α1 (Tα1) as adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy, either used alone or combined with other treatments, in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adjuvant Tα1 treatment on long-term survival in margin-free (R0)-resected stage IA-IIIA NSCLC patients. METHODS: A total of 5746 patients with pathologic stage IA-IIIA NSCLC who underwent R0 resection were included. The patients were divided into the Tα1 group and the control group according to whether they received Tα1 or not. A propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to reduce bias, resulting in 1027 pairs of patients. RESULTS: After PSM, the baseline clinicopathological characteristics were similar between the two groups. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were significantly higher in the Tα1 group compared with the control group. The multivariable analysis showed that Tα1 treatment was independently associated with an improved prognosis. A longer duration of Tα1 treatment was associated with improved OS and DFS. The subgroup analyses showed that Tα1 therapy could improve the DFS and/or OS in all subgroups of age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), smoking status, and pathological tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, especially for patients with non-squamous cell NSCLC and without targeted therapy. CONCLUSION Tα1 as adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy can significantly improve DFS and OS in patients with NSCLC after R0 resection, except for patients with squamous cell carcinoma and those receiving targeted therapy. The duration of Tα1 treatment is recommended to be >24 months.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery* ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Humans ; Immunomodulation ; Lung Neoplasms/surgery* ; Neoplasm Staging ; Propensity Score ; Retrospective Studies ; Thymalfasin

Objective:To explore the status of disability, characteristics of unmet needs and services of rehabilitation and their related factors for adults with disabilities (AWDs). Methods:A total of 2 315 498 AWDs were sampled from the provincial level administration data (2019). Multiple response analysis was used to analysis the disability status of AWDs, characteristics of unmet needs and received services of rehabilitation, and related factors were explored with Logistic regression. Results:The distribution of disabilities for AWDs from high to low were physical disabilities (62.2%), visual disabilities (9.9%), intellectual disabilities (8.4%), mental disorders (7.3%), hearing disabilities (6.9%), multiple disabilities (2.8%) and speech disabilities (2.5%). The reporting rate of unmet needs of rehabilitation for AWDs from high to low were assistive devices (49.0%), medicine (33.3%), nursing care (27.7%), functional training (20.2%) and surgery (1.9%). The reporting rate of received service for AWDs from high to low were assistive devices (44.1%), nursing care (26.6%), medicine (25.9%), functional training (22.2%) and surgery (1.3%). The logistic regression model shown that types and severities of disabilities had significant effects on unmet needs and received services of rehabilitation for AWDs (P < 0.001). Conclusion:The reporting of unmet needs for AWDs had been influenced by their functioning and disability. There were gaps between unmet needs and received services. It proposed to develop precise and individualized reporting of unmet needs and service programs for AWDs.

Objective:To explore the status of disability, and characteristics of unmet needs and services of rehabilitation for children with disabilities (CWDs). Methods:A total of 130 290 CWDs administration data of unmet needs and services of rehabilitation at provincial level had been sampled and analyzed. Results:CWDs accounted for 5.33% of the total population with disabilities, in which, 60.4% were boys and 39.6% were girls; 16.3% aged 0 to nine years and 83.7% were seven to 18 years old; 88.4% with agricultural household and 11.6% with non-agricultural household. The distribution of disability severity from severe to mild were 28.3%, 39.5%, 17.7% and 14.6%. The reported unmet needs included assistive devices (40.3%), functional training (37.4%), nursing care (32.2%), medicine (24.9%) and surgery (5.7%). The received services involved in assistive devices (37.9%), functional training (33.7%), nursing care (31.0%), medicine (19.7%) and surgery (2.9%). Logistic Regression model showed that severities of disabilities had significant effects on reported unmet needs and received services (P < 0.001). Conclusion:Implement rehabilitation programs would be tailored to the unmet needs of rehabilitation as CWDs had functioning oriented unmet needs. It proposed to develop individualized and structured rehabilitation services to improve the accessibility and quality of rehabilitation for CWDs.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of unmet needs and services of rehabilitation for people with hearing disability (PHD). Methods:A total of 219 473 PHDs administration data of unmet needs and services of rehabilitation at provincial level were sampled (2019) and analyzed the characteristics of needs and services of rehabilitation with multiple response analysis, and the related factors of needs and services with Logistic regression. Results:There were 47 657 (21.7%) PHDs reported their unmet needs of rehabilitation, from high to low were assistive devices (65.5%), medicine (22.7%), nursing care (19.1%), functional training (16.2%) and surgery (2.2%). There were 34 684 (18.8%) PHDs reported their received services, from high to low were assistive devices (59.8%), medicine (22.5%), functional training (19.7%), nursing care (19.4%) and surgery (1.8%). The logistic regression model showed that age, types of household registration and severities of disabilities related with the reported unmet needs and received services (P < 0.001). Conclusion:PHDs mainly reported unmet needs in the fields of assistive devices, medicine, and rehabilitation training. The reported unmet needs for PHDs had matched the received services structurally. It proposed to use modern science and technology to develop services delivery and to improve accessibility and quality of rehabilitation services.

Objective:To analyze the characteristics of unmet needs and services of rehabilitation for people with intellectual disability (PIDs). Methods:A total of 250 654 PIDs had been sampled and administration data of unmet needs and services of rehabilitation at provincial level had been analyzed the characteristics of unmet needs and services of rehabilitation, and the related factors of needs and services were analyzed with Logistic Regression. Results:The rate of unmet needs reported by PIDs from high to low were nursing (47.8%), medicine (37.2%), functional training (26.1%), assistive devices (19.8%) and surgery (1.3%). The PIDs reported received service of rehabilitation, including nursing care (43.5%), medicine (29.3%), functional training (27.2%), assistive devices (19.6%) and surgery (0.8%). Logistic Regression Model showed that age and severity of disabilities significantly affect the reported the unmet needs and received services (P < 0.001). Conclusion:PIDs reported unmet needs mainly involved in the fields of nursing care, medicine and rehabilitation training and therapy. The unmet needs and received services had similar structure. It proposed to develop rehabilitation services tailored to PIDs' intellectual function and adaptive behaviors to develop services items and to deliver individualized and precise services.

Objective:To determine national trends for breast conserving surgery and to explore the factors affecting the scale of breast conserving surgery in China.Methods:A questionnaire survey was mailed to 110 hospitals with an year′s volume of more than 200 breast cancer surgeries in each center in China concerning hospital variations and percentage of breast conserving surgery.Results:The overall proportion of breast conserving surgery is 21.9% for operable breast cancer in China. There is a significant positive correlation between local Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the rate of breast conserving surgery ( P=0.001). Hospitals with higher annual operation volume have higher breast-conserving ratios( P=0.042). Compared with non-teaching hospitals, more patients with stage I breast cancer underwent breast conserving surgery in teaching hospitals ( P=0.021). After breast-conserving surgery, the proportion of positive margins needing reoperation had a lower percentage and in cancer hospitals it was the lowest ( P=0.023). The method of pathological evaluation and the remedy strategy for positive margin was not related to per capita GDP and hospital category ( P>0.05). Conclusions:This survey demonstrates the current practices of breast conserving surgery in China. Local GDP, hospital category and tumor stage were factors influencing breast conserving surgery. Breast conserving surgery in China is still at a low level compared with developed countries.