Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Reproduction and offspring health are important for people's livelihood. Most of the male infertility can be attributed to the sperm quality decline. Sperm, the carrier of genetic information, can affect the whole life cycle and offspring health from different aspects. This article focused on the relationship between sperm quality and offspring health and the underlying mechanisms. Sperm can have a profound impact on the health of the offspring from genetic or epigenetic aspects. Sperm defects caused by the physical and mental health of the father can lead to offspring health problems such as chromosome numerical abnormalities, metabolic diseases or mental diseases. In the future, more attention should be paid to the offspring health caused by the paternal genetic or epigenetic defects. The establishment of an early screening and detection system and its clinical application are of great significance to improve reproductive health and prenatal and postnatal care.

Reproduction and offspring health are important for people's livelihood. Most of the male infertility can be attributed to the sperm quality decline. Sperm, the carrier of genetic information, can affect the whole life cycle and offspring health from different aspects. This article focused on the relationship between sperm quality and offspring health and the underlying mechanisms. Sperm can have a profound impact on the health of the offspring from genetic or epigenetic aspects. Sperm defects caused by the physical and mental health of the father can lead to offspring health problems such as chromosome numerical abnormalities, metabolic diseases or mental diseases. In the future, more attention should be paid to the offspring health caused by the paternal genetic or epigenetic defects. The establishment of an early screening and detection system and its clinical application are of great significance to improve reproductive health and prenatal and postnatal care.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) are functional RNA elements that can directly recruit ribosomes to an internal position of the mRNA in a cap-independent manner to initiate translation. Recently, IRES elements have attracted much attention for their critical roles in various processes including translation initiation of a new type of RNA, circular RNA (circRNA), with no 5′ cap to support classical cap-dependent translation. Thus, an integrative data resource of IRES elements with experimental evidence will be useful for further studies. In this study, we present IRESbase, a comprehensive database of IRESs, by curating the experimentally validated functional minimal IRES elements from literature and annotating their host linear and circular RNAs. The current version of IRESbase contains 1328 IRESs, including 774 eukaryotic IRESs and 554 viral IRESs from 11 eukaryotic organisms and 198 viruses, respectively. As IRESbase collects only IRES of minimal length with functional evidence, the median length of IRESs in IRESbase is 174 nucleo-tides. By mapping IRESs to human circRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), 2191 cir-cRNAs and 168 lncRNAs were found to contain at least one entire or partial IRES sequence. IRESbase is available at http://reprod.njmu.edu.cn/cgi-bin/iresbase/index.php.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), covalently closed continuous RNA loops, are generated from cognate linear RNAs through back splicing events, and alternative splicing events may gener-ate different circRNA isoforms at the same locus. However, the challenges of reconstruction and quantification of alternatively spliced full-length circRNAs remain unresolved. On the basis of the internal structural characteristics of circRNAs, we developed CircAST, a tool to assemble alter-natively spliced circRNA transcripts and estimate their expression by using multiple splice graphs.Simulation studies showed that CircAST correctly assembled the full sequences of circRNAs with a sensitivity of 85.63％-94.32％and a precision of 81.96％-87.55％. By assigning reads to specific iso-forms, CircAST quantified the expression of circRNA isoforms with correlation coefficients of 0.85-0.99 between theoretical and estimated values. We evaluated CircAST on an in-house mouse testis RNA-seq dataset with RNase R treatment for enriching circRNAs and identified 380 cir-cRNAs with full-length sequences different from those of their corresponding cognate linear RNAs. RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing analyses validated 32 out of 37 randomly selected isoforms, thus further indicating the good performance of CircAST, especially for isoforms with low abundance. We also applied CircAST to published experimental data and observed substantial diversity in circular transcripts across samples, thus suggesting that circRNA expression is highly regulated. CircAST can be accessed freely at https://github.com/xiaofengsong/CircAST.

By participating in the research practice of basic medicine,the innovative consciousness,the scientific thinking and researching ability of seven-year program medical students can be improved. Meanwhile,the generalization of Open Experimental Teaching and further development of self-design experiment also improve the innovation and research ability of medical students,which can serve as a new approach to the quality education of higher medical talents.