ObjectiveTo construct an animal model of respiratory syncytial virus（RSV）-infected pneumonia suitable for preclinical studies. MethodsThe virulence of RSV to the four cell lines was observed by cytopathic effect （CPE）， and 50% tissue culture infective dose（TCID₅₀） was calculated. Twenty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a normal group and a model group. Six BALB/c-hIGF1R mice served as the humanized IGF1R model group. Except for the normal group， the other groups received intranasal RSV infection on days 1 and 3 to establish a viral pneumonia model. The efficacy of establishing an RSV-induced pneumonia animal model based on humanized insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor （IGF1R） mice was evaluated by measuring organ indices， peripheral blood lymphocyte percentages， pulmonary pathology and imaging， and pulmonary viral load. Additionally， ten BALB/c mice served as normal group， and thirty-two BALB/c-hIGF1R mice were randomly assigned to humanized IGF1R model group， ribavirin group （82.5 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹）， and high and low dose groups of Lianhua Qingwen （3.3 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹ ， 1.65 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹）， with 8 mice per group. The viral load in lung tissue was measured after ribavirin and Lianhua Qingwen intervention， and the model was applied to the evaluation of anti-RSV drugs. ResultsIn the lungs of the humanized IGF1R model group， large solid and diffuse ground-glass shadows were seen， and the lung volume was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The lung index was significantly increased （P<0.01）， and both the spleen index and thymus index were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The percentages of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺T cells were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， and there was a large amount of inflammation and stasis in the perivascular area of the lung tissue， which was predominantly characterized by lymphocytes. The endothelium of blood vessels was partially detached， with a small number of eosinophils. After infecting BALB/c-hIGF1R mice with RSV， the expression of viral nucleic acids in the lung tissue of the mice was significantly increased， with significant differences compared with the normal group （P<0.01）. The expression of viral nucleic acids in the ribavirin group and the high and low dose groups of Lianhua Qingwen was significantly reduced， with significant differences compared with the normal group （P<0.01）. ConclusionHumanized IGF1R mice are more susceptible to respiratory SVC， and the animal model of RSV-infected pneumonia based on humanized IGF1R mice was successfully constructed， which is suitable for the evaluation of anti-RSV drugs.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of the Tibetan medicine Sanwei Doukoutang （SWDK） on cognitive dysfunction in mice suffering from Alzheimer's disease （AD） and its related mechanism. MethodsFifty SPF 5 × FAD mice were randomly divided into model group， total ginsenoside group（0.04 g·kg^-1）， high-， medium-， and low-dose groups of SWDK （32.60， 16.30， 8.15 g·kg^-1）， with 10 mice in each group， and ten wild-type mice of the same age were used as the normal group， male and female in 1∶1. Gavage administration was performed once daily for 8 weeks. The Morris water maze test and contextual fear memory experiment were used to observe learning and memory function. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was utilized to observe the changes in the pathomorphology of brain tissue in mice. The levels of synaptophysin （SYP） and postsynaptic dense substance 95 （PSD95） in mice serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The positive expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF） in the dentate gyrus （DG） region of mouse brain tissue was observed by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. The protein levels of BDNF， Wnt family member 3A（Wnt3a）， and β-catenin were detected in the hippocampus of mice by Western blot. ResultsCompared with the normal group of mice， the model group of mice had significantly more complex swimming routes and lower swimming speed （P<0.01）， significantly lower percentage of time spent in the target quadrant （P<0.01）， and a significantly lower percentage of freezing time （P<0.05）. The number of neurons in the hippocampal region of mice was obviously reduced and unevenly arranged. The levels of SYP and PSD95（P<0.01） in the serum of mice were reduced， and the positive expression of BDNF in the DG region of the brain tissue of mice was reduced. The levels of hippocampal BDNF， Wnt3a， and β-catenin proteins in the hippocampus of mice were obviously reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the mice in the SWDK group and the total ginsenoside group had significantly shorter swimming routes， the high- and medium- dose SWDK groups significantly higher swimming speeds （P<0.01）， significantly higher percentage of time spent in the target quadrant （P<0.01）， obviously higher percentage of Freezing time （P<0.05）， and obviously more neurons in the hippocampal region of the mice with tighter arrangement. The mice had elevated levels of serum SYP （P<0.05， P<0.01）， PSD95 （P<0.01）， increased BDNF-positive cells in the DG region of brain tissue， and obviously elevated levels of BDNF， Wnt3a， and β-catenin proteins in the hippocampus of mice （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionSWDK can significantly improve the cognitive dysfunction of AD mice， and its mechanism may be related to regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway， which promotes BDNF expression and thereby enhances synaptic plasticity， allowing neuronal signaling to be restored.

Currently， viral pneumonia （VP） presents a major challenge to global public health. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） prevention and treatment of VP is guided by the core concept of strengthening vital energy and eliminating pathogenic factors rather than targeting specific pathogens， alongside a holistic approach of syndrome differentiation and treatment. By summarizing the clinical syndromes of patients， the core pathogenesis was clarified to achieve individualized therapy. Animal models for disease-syndrome combination integrate the etiology and pathogenesis of VP and simulate the individualized manifestations of patients at different disease stages， providing an experimental platform for elucidating the theoretical basis of TCM in treating VP and promoting the development of effective TCM formulations. However， there are limitations in the application and promotion of disease-syndrome combination animal models due to the lack of standardization and normalization of model construction systems， which arise from diverse species selection， compound modeling methods， and multidimensional evaluation indicators. This paper systematically reviewed the recent research on animal models for disease-syndrome combination in VP from the perspective of species selection， modeling methods， evaluation indicators， and application status. Furthermore， it summarized the advantages and limitations of existing models， identifies future directions for improvement， and proposes optimization strategies. This review provides a reference for establishing standardized and normalized animal models for disease-syndrome combinations in VP， supporting the theoretical modernization of TCM in preventing and controlling emerging respiratory infectious diseases， and contributing to the development of new TCM drugs.

ObjectiveTo construct an animal model of respiratory syncytial virus（RSV）-infected pneumonia suitable for preclinical studies. MethodsThe virulence of RSV to the four cell lines was observed by cytopathic effect （CPE）， and 50% tissue culture infective dose（TCID₅₀） was calculated. Twenty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a normal group and a model group. Six BALB/c-hIGF1R mice served as the humanized IGF1R model group. Except for the normal group， the other groups received intranasal RSV infection on days 1 and 3 to establish a viral pneumonia model. The efficacy of establishing an RSV-induced pneumonia animal model based on humanized insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor （IGF1R） mice was evaluated by measuring organ indices， peripheral blood lymphocyte percentages， pulmonary pathology and imaging， and pulmonary viral load. Additionally， ten BALB/c mice served as normal group， and thirty-two BALB/c-hIGF1R mice were randomly assigned to humanized IGF1R model group， ribavirin group （82.5 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹）， and high and low dose groups of Lianhua Qingwen （3.3 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹ ， 1.65 mg·kg^-¹·d^-¹）， with 8 mice per group. The viral load in lung tissue was measured after ribavirin and Lianhua Qingwen intervention， and the model was applied to the evaluation of anti-RSV drugs. ResultsIn the lungs of the humanized IGF1R model group， large solid and diffuse ground-glass shadows were seen， and the lung volume was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The lung index was significantly increased （P<0.01）， and both the spleen index and thymus index were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The percentages of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺T cells were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， and there was a large amount of inflammation and stasis in the perivascular area of the lung tissue， which was predominantly characterized by lymphocytes. The endothelium of blood vessels was partially detached， with a small number of eosinophils. After infecting BALB/c-hIGF1R mice with RSV， the expression of viral nucleic acids in the lung tissue of the mice was significantly increased， with significant differences compared with the normal group （P<0.01）. The expression of viral nucleic acids in the ribavirin group and the high and low dose groups of Lianhua Qingwen was significantly reduced， with significant differences compared with the normal group （P<0.01）. ConclusionHumanized IGF1R mice are more susceptible to respiratory SVC， and the animal model of RSV-infected pneumonia based on humanized IGF1R mice was successfully constructed， which is suitable for the evaluation of anti-RSV drugs.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of the Tibetan medicine Sanwei Doukoutang （SWDK） on cognitive dysfunction in mice suffering from Alzheimer's disease （AD） and its related mechanism. MethodsFifty SPF 5 × FAD mice were randomly divided into model group， total ginsenoside group（0.04 g·kg^-1）， high-， medium-， and low-dose groups of SWDK （32.60， 16.30， 8.15 g·kg^-1）， with 10 mice in each group， and ten wild-type mice of the same age were used as the normal group， male and female in 1∶1. Gavage administration was performed once daily for 8 weeks. The Morris water maze test and contextual fear memory experiment were used to observe learning and memory function. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was utilized to observe the changes in the pathomorphology of brain tissue in mice. The levels of synaptophysin （SYP） and postsynaptic dense substance 95 （PSD95） in mice serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The positive expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF） in the dentate gyrus （DG） region of mouse brain tissue was observed by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. The protein levels of BDNF， Wnt family member 3A（Wnt3a）， and β-catenin were detected in the hippocampus of mice by Western blot. ResultsCompared with the normal group of mice， the model group of mice had significantly more complex swimming routes and lower swimming speed （P<0.01）， significantly lower percentage of time spent in the target quadrant （P<0.01）， and a significantly lower percentage of freezing time （P<0.05）. The number of neurons in the hippocampal region of mice was obviously reduced and unevenly arranged. The levels of SYP and PSD95（P<0.01） in the serum of mice were reduced， and the positive expression of BDNF in the DG region of the brain tissue of mice was reduced. The levels of hippocampal BDNF， Wnt3a， and β-catenin proteins in the hippocampus of mice were obviously reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the mice in the SWDK group and the total ginsenoside group had significantly shorter swimming routes， the high- and medium- dose SWDK groups significantly higher swimming speeds （P<0.01）， significantly higher percentage of time spent in the target quadrant （P<0.01）， obviously higher percentage of Freezing time （P<0.05）， and obviously more neurons in the hippocampal region of the mice with tighter arrangement. The mice had elevated levels of serum SYP （P<0.05， P<0.01）， PSD95 （P<0.01）， increased BDNF-positive cells in the DG region of brain tissue， and obviously elevated levels of BDNF， Wnt3a， and β-catenin proteins in the hippocampus of mice （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionSWDK can significantly improve the cognitive dysfunction of AD mice， and its mechanism may be related to regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway， which promotes BDNF expression and thereby enhances synaptic plasticity， allowing neuronal signaling to be restored.

Currently， viral pneumonia （VP） presents a major challenge to global public health. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） prevention and treatment of VP is guided by the core concept of strengthening vital energy and eliminating pathogenic factors rather than targeting specific pathogens， alongside a holistic approach of syndrome differentiation and treatment. By summarizing the clinical syndromes of patients， the core pathogenesis was clarified to achieve individualized therapy. Animal models for disease-syndrome combination integrate the etiology and pathogenesis of VP and simulate the individualized manifestations of patients at different disease stages， providing an experimental platform for elucidating the theoretical basis of TCM in treating VP and promoting the development of effective TCM formulations. However， there are limitations in the application and promotion of disease-syndrome combination animal models due to the lack of standardization and normalization of model construction systems， which arise from diverse species selection， compound modeling methods， and multidimensional evaluation indicators. This paper systematically reviewed the recent research on animal models for disease-syndrome combination in VP from the perspective of species selection， modeling methods， evaluation indicators， and application status. Furthermore， it summarized the advantages and limitations of existing models， identifies future directions for improvement， and proposes optimization strategies. This review provides a reference for establishing standardized and normalized animal models for disease-syndrome combinations in VP， supporting the theoretical modernization of TCM in preventing and controlling emerging respiratory infectious diseases， and contributing to the development of new TCM drugs.

OBJECTIVE To sort out drug prophylaxis regimens for venous thromboembolism （VTE） in adult patients after artificial joint replacement， and provide a basis for clinic. METHODS Databases and related official websites were searched according to the “6S” model， including the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence （NICE）， the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network （SIGN）， the Guidelines International Network （GIN）， the National Guidelines Clearinghouse （NGC）， PubMed， Embase， CNKI， Wanfang database and SinoMed， to search for guidelines， expert consensuses， systematic evaluations， randomized controlled trials， and cohort studies about preventing VTE in adult patients after artificial joint replacement from the inception until December 2023. Literature that met the inclusion criteria were selected， and the quality evaluation of the literature was completed by 2 researchers independently； the evidence rating was performed by using the Joanna Briggs Institute （JBI） evidence pre-classification and evidence rank system （2014 edition）. RESULTS A total of 36 articles were included in the study， which were categorized into 9 areas of risk assessment， post-assessment prophylaxis， medication selection， medication method， duration of medication prophylaxis， medication prophylaxis observation points， contraindications to drug prophylaxis， response to bleeding， and health education， which were summarized to form 37 pieces of evidence on the pharmacological prophylaxis for postoperative VTE in patients who underwent artificial joint replacement. CONCLUSIONS The evidence of drug prophylaxis for postoperative VTE in patients who underwent artificial joint replacement summarized in this study is comprehensive， with certain scientific reference and practicality， which can provide clinical pharmacists with a scientific evidence-based basis for perioperative VTE prophylaxis management.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics and genetic basis of a male patient with primary infertility caused by Acephalic spermatozoa syndrome.Methods:A patient who had presented at the Henan Provincial People′s Hospital on October 1, 2022 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data and results of laboratory exams and sperm electron microscopy were collected. The patient was subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES), and candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and pathogenicity analysis.Results:WES revealed that the patient has harbored compound heterozygous variants of the PMFBP1 gene, namely c. 853del (p.Ala285Leufs*24) and c. 1276A>T (p.Lys426X), which were both unreported previously. Sanger sequencing suggested that the c. 853del (p.Ala285Leufs*24) variant has derived from his deceased mother, whilst the c. 1276A>T (p.Lys426X) variant has derived from his father. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), both variants were classified as pathogenic (PVS1+ PM2_Supporting+ PP4). Conclusion:The compound heterozygous variants of the PMFBP1 gene probably underlay the Acephalic spermatozoa syndrome in this patient. The discovery of the novel variants has also enriched the mutational spectrum of Acephalic spermatozoa syndrome.

Masquelet technique has become a safe and effective treatment for chronic osteomyelitis of the long limb shaft. The vast majority of osteomyelitis can be ultimately controlled, segmental bone defects repaired and limb functions restored. Accumulation of clinical applications and development of imaging technology have led to rapid progress in determining the infection scope of chronic limb osteomyelitis, precise preoperative design for repair of soft tissue defects, evaluation of bone structure stability, and use of bone grafting materials. This article reviews the progress of Masquelet technique in the treatment of chronic limb osteomyelitis from the aspects of its theoretical foundation, key operations, and selection of fixation methods, hoping to deepen the understanding of current Masquelet technique.

Objective:To compare the failure risks between restricted and unrestricted cephalomedullary nail sliding during InterTAN intramedullary nail fixation for intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly patients.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the data of 192 elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture who had been admitted to Department of Orthopaedics, The Seventh Medical Center, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army from January 2021 to December 2022. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether the set screws were tightened or not during surgery. In the observation group of 78 cases, there were 31 males and 47 females with an age of (80.2±7.7) years, and 23 cases of type 31-A1 and 55 cases of type 31-A2 by the AO classification. Their set screws were not tightened during surgery to allow the cephalomedullary nail sliding. In the control group of 114 cases, there were 40 males and 74 females with an age of (81.6±7.8) years, and 42 cases of type 31-A1 and 72 cases of type 31-A2. Their set screws were tightened during surgery to restrict the cephalomedullary nail sliding. The incidence of postoperative fixation complications and sliding distances of the cephalomedullary nail within 1 year after surgery were compared between the 2 groups in the total fractures and in the stable and unstable fractures as well.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the preoperative general data between the 2 groups of patients, indicating comparability ( P>0.05). The incidence of fixation complications within 1 year after surgery was 5.1% (4/78) for the observation group and 12.3% (14/114) for the control group, showing no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). The sliding distance of the cephalomedullary nail in the observation group [7.05 (6.00, 8.25) mm] was significantly larger than that in the control group [5.65 (3.55, 7.00) mm] ( P<0.05). For stable fractures, the incidence of fixation complications within 1 year after surgery was 7.1% (2/28) for the observation group and 7.0% (3/43) for the control group, showing no statistically significant difference ( P>0.05), and the sliding distance of the cephalomedullary nail in the observation group [6.00 (5.25, 7.00) mm] was significantly greater than that in the control group [3.05 (2.00, 5.00) mm] ( P<0.05). For unstable fractures, the incidence of fixation complications within 1 year after surgery for the observation group patients [4.0% (2/50)] was significantly lower than that for the control group patients [15.5% (11/71)], and the sliding distance of the cephalomedullary nail in the observation group [8.00 (6.70, 10.00) mm] was significantly greater than that in the control group [6.00 (4.87, 7.57) mm] ( P<0.05). Conclusions:In the InterTAN intramedullary nail fixation for intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly patients, tightening of set screws is crucial because it not only increases the stability but also limits compression at the fracture site. It is recommended not to tighten the set screws for unstable fractures, but further observation is needed before it can be determined whether the set screws should be tightened or not for stable fractures.