NLRP3 can recruit proteins such as ASC and pro-caspase1 to form NLRP3 inflammasomes after being stimulated by pathogen and danger signals in vivo,and then induce pyropto-sis and promote the inflammatory reactions to maintain the home-ostasis.However,the overactivation of NLRP3 inflammasomes is closely related to many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in humans.Targeted inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasomes can sig-nificantly inhibit inflammation and alleviate the relative symp-toms.Therefore,it is an important research direction for treating diseases of NLRP3 inflammasome that searching for effective in-hibitors targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and achieving clinical transformation.This review summarizes the latest re-search progress based on the sources of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors.

Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Tetanus/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology*

Pyroptosis is a novel process of programmed inflammatory necrosis, which is closely related to microbial infections and autoimmune diseases. In recent years it has been proved that Gasdermin D is an executive protein of pyroptosis. Cleaved Gasdermin D leads to the formation of pores in cell membrane to induce pyroptosis, and the release of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18 aggravates the occurrence of inflammatory responses. With the deepening of Gasdermin D research, it is gradually clear its protein structure and activation sites, which has other activation pathways apart from inducing inflammasome activation. Activation of Gasdermin D does not necessarily mean cell death, even if it could induce the formation of pores in cell membrane and regulation of inflammatory cytokine secretion. These findings offer insight into Gasdermin D function and change our understanding of pyroptosis and programmed necrosis. The recent progress of Gasdermin D is highlighted in this review.

Objective: To estimate the incidence of HIV-1 infection in men who have sex with men (MSM) in key areas of China through HIV-1 limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay (LAg-Avidity EIA), analyze the deviation from the actual results and identify influencing factors, and provided reference for improving the accuracy of estimation results. Methods: Based on the principle of the cohort randomized study design, 20 cities were selected in China based on population size and the number of HIV-positive MSM. The sample size was estimated to be 700 according to the HIV-1 infection rate in MSM. MSM mobile phone app. was used to establish a detection appointment and questionnaire system, and the baseline cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to November 2019. LAg-Avidity EIA was used to identify the recent infected samples. The incidence of HIV-1 infection was calculated and then adjusted based on the estimation formula designed by WHO. The influencing factors were identified by analyzing the sample collection and detection processes. Results: Among the 10 650 blood samples from the participants, 799 were HIV-positive in initial screening, in which 198 samples (24.78%) missed during confirmation test. Only 621 samples were received by the laboratory. After excluding misreported samples, 520 samples were qualified for testing. A total of 155 samples were eventually determined as recent infection through LAg-Avidity EIA; Based on the estimation formula , the incidence of HIV-1 infection in MSM in 20 cities was 4.06% (95%CI:3.27%-4.85%), it increased to 5.53% (95%CI: 4.45%-6.60%)after the adjusting for sample missing rate. When the sample missing rate and misreporting rate were both adjusted, the incidence of HIV-1 infection in the MSM increased to 5.66% (95%CI:4.67%-6.65%). The actual incidence of HIV-1 infection in MSM in the 20 cities might be between 4.06% and 5.66%. Conclusions: Sample missing and misreporting might cause the deviation of the estimation of HIV-1 infection incidence. It is important to ensure the sample source and the quality of sample collection and detection to reduce the deviation in the estimation of HIV-1 infection incidence.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; HIV-1 ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Incidence ; Male ; Sexual and Gender Minorities

Objective: To investigate the distribution of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) among men who have sex with men (MSM) from 19 cities of 6 provinces in China. Methods: From April to November 2019, 574 plasma samples of ART-naive HIV-1 infected MSM were collected from 19 cities in Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces, total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted and amplified the HIV-1 pol gene region by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after reverse transcription. Then sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree to determine genetic subtypes and submitted to the Stanford drug resistance database for drug resistance analysis. Results: A total of 479 samples were successfully amplified by PCR. The HIV-1 genetic subtypes included CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, B, CRF55_01B, CRF59_01B, CRF65_cpx, CRF103_01B, CRF67_01B, CRF68_01B and unrecognized subtype, which accounted for 43.4%, 36.3%, 6.3%, 5.9%, 0.8%, 0.8%, 0.4%, 0.4%, 0.2% and 5.5%, respectively. The distribution of genetic subtypes among provinces is statistically different (χ²=44.141, P<0.001). The overall PDR rate was 4.6% (22/479), the drug resistance rate of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors were 3.5% (17/479), 0.8% (4/479) and 0.2% (1/479), respectively. The PDR rate of recent infections was significantly higher than that of long-term infections (χ²=4.634, P=0.031). Conclusions: The HIV-1 genetic subtypes among MSM infected with HIV-1 from 19 cities of 6 provinces in China are diverse, and the distribution of subtypes is different among provinces. The overall PDR rate is low, while the PDR rate of recent infections was significantly higher than that of long-term infections, suggesting the surveillance of PDR in recent infections should be strengthened.
China/epidemiology* ; Cities ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics* ; Female ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; HIV Seropositivity/drug therapy* ; HIV-1/genetics* ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Sexual and Gender Minorities

Objective: To compare the safety and effectiveness of esophagojejunostomy (EJS) through extracorporeal and intracorporeal methods after laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out. Clinicopathological data of 261 gastric cancer patients who underwent LTG, D2 lymphadenectomy, and Roux-en-Y EJS with complete postoperative 6-month follow-up data at the General Surgery Department of Nanfang Hospital from October 2018 to June 2021 were collected. Among these 261 patients, 139 underwent EJS with a circular stapler via mini-laparotomy (extracorporeal group), while 122 underwent intracorporeal EJS (intracorporeal group), including 43 with OrVil(TM) anastomosis (OrVil(TM) subgroup) and 79 with Overlap anastomosis (Overlap subgroup). Compared with the extracorporeal group, the intracorporeal group had higher body mass index, smaller tumor size, earlier T stage and M stage (all P<0.05). Compared with the Overlap subgroup, the Orvil(TM) subgroup had higher proportions of upper gastrointestinal obstruction and esophagus involvement, and more advanced T stage (all P<0.05). No other significant differences in the baseline data were found (all P>0.05). The primary outcome was complications at postoperative 6-month. The secondary outcomes were operative status, intraoperative complication and postoperative recovery. Continuous variables with a skewed distribution are expressed as the median (interquartile range), and were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables are expressed as the number and percentage and were compared with the Pearson chi-square, continuity correction or Fisher's exact test. Results: Compared with the extracorporeal group, the intracorporeal group had smaller incision [5.0 (1.0) cm vs. 8.0 (1.0) cm, Z=-10.931, P=0.001], lower rate of combined organ resection [0.8% (1/122) vs. 7.9% (11/139), χ(2)=7.454, P=0.006] and higher rate of R0 resection [94.3% (115/122) vs. 84.9 (118/139), χ(2)=5.957, P=0.015]. The morbidity of intraoperative complication in the extracorporeal group and intracorporeal group was 2.9% (4/139) and 4.1% (5/122), respectively (χ(2)=0.040, P=0.842). In terms of postoperative recovery, the extracorporeal group had shorter time to liquid diet [(5.1±2.4) days vs. (5.9±3.6) days, t=-2.268, P=0.024] and soft diet [(7.3±3.7) days vs. (8.8±6.5) days, t=-2.227, P=0.027], and shorter postoperative hospital stay [(10.5±5.1) days vs. (12.2±7.7) days, t=-2.108, P=0.036]. The morbidity of postoperative complication within 6 months in the extracorporeal group and intracorporeal group was 25.9% (36/139) and 31.1%, (38/122) respectively (P=0.348). Furthermore, there was also no significant difference in the morbidity of postoperative EJS complications [extracorporeal group vs. intracorporeal group: 5.0% (7/139) vs. 82.% (10/122), P=0.302]. The severity of postoperative complications between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.289). In the intracorporeal group, the Orvil(TM) subgroup had more estimated blood loss [100.0 (100.0) ml vs.50.0 (50.0) ml, Z=-2.992, P=0.003] and larger incision [6.0 (1.0) cm vs. 5.0 (1.0) cm, Z=-3.428, P=0.001] than the Overlap subgroup, seemed to have higher morbidity of intraoperative complication [7.0% (3/43) vs. 2.5% (2/79),P=0.480] and postoperative complications [37.2% (16/43) vs. 27.8% (22/79), P=0.286], and more severe classification of complication (P=0.289). Conclusions: The intracorporeal EJS after LTG has similar safety to extracorporeal EJS. As for intracorporeal EJS, the Overlap method is safer and has more potential advantages than Orvil(TM) method, and is worthy of further exploration and optimization.
Anastomosis, Surgical/methods* ; Gastrectomy/methods* ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Laparoscopy/methods* ; Postoperative Complications/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome

Evodiamine(EVO)is an indoloquinazoline alkaloid isolated from the fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa,which has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various diseases.Modern medical research shows that evodiamine has various pharmacological activities and extremely high medicinal value such as anti-inflammation,anti-tumor,losing weight,treating Alzheimer's,and antibacterium.Evodiamine can interact with a variety of proteins.For example,the interaction between evodiamine and TRPV1 induces its activation to exert anti-inflammatory and losing weight; the interaction with DNA topoisomerase I inhibits its function and thus inhibit bacterial proliferation; the interaction with tubulin promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation,and exerts anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory functions.In recent years,with the in-depth study of evodiamine,pharmacological research and mechanism of evodiamine has significant improvement.Recent progress of pharmacological effect of evodiamine is highlighted in this review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the abnormal results and their causes of personal dose monitoring on medical radiation workers.METHODS: The medical radiation workers monitored from 2016 to 2019 in the personal dose monitoring room of Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment were selected as the study subjects using convenient sampling method. The abnormal results and their causes of the medical radiation workers with personal dose equivalent ≥1.25 mSv(investigation level) in a single period were analyzed. RESULTS: The rate of abnormal results of personal dose monitoring was 0.26%(263/102 284). The false result rate was 0.19%(194/102 284), and that of the true result rate was 0.07%(69/102 284). A total of 73.38%(193/263) of medical radiation workers had abnormal results with an personal dose equivalent less than 5.00 mSv. Among different occupational groups, the abnormal results and false results in personal dose monitoring in interventional radiology group were the highest(all P<0.01). The abnormal result rate and false result rate were higher in the Pearl River Delta area than that in the non-Pearl River Delta area(0.27% vs 0.17%, 0.20% vs 0.12%, all P<0.05). The rate of false result of personal dose monitoring in the tertiary hospitals was lower than that in the non-tertiary hospitals(0.18% vs 0.30%, P<0.05). The main reason for the true results of personal dose monitoring was the increase of workload(43.48%), and the main reason for the false results was that the dosimeter was left in the workplace(57.73%). CONCLUSION: The rate of abnormal results of personal dose monitoring in the medical radiation workers is high. Radiological protection should be strengthened with emphasis on medical radiation workers in interventional radiology, Pearl River Delta area hospitals and non-tertiary hospitals.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the survival trends and patterns of failure in patients with stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy over the last 20 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight hundred and eight patients diagnosed with stage II NPC between January 1990 and December 2012 were involved in this retrospective cohort study. All patients were treated with RT. According to the main imaging techniques and RT technology, we categorized these patients into four calendar periods: 1990-1996, 1997-2002, 2003-2007, and 2008-2012. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS), and distant metastasis–free survival (DMFS) were served as the clinical outcome. RESULTS: After a median follow-up period of 84.7 months, we observed increasing trends in survival and disease control. The 3- and 5-year OS rates increased from 87.1% and 78.7% in the first calendar period to 97.4% and 94.5% in the last calendar period, respectively (p<0.001). Additionally, significant increasing trends could be seen in the PFS and LRFS during the four calendar periods. In the subgroup analysis, the LRFS in patients older than 50 years at diagnosis showed greater improvement than younger patients. However, the rate of distant metastasis was stable and relatively low, as the 5-year DMFS ranged from 90.5% to 94.7% among the four calendar periods. CONCLUSION: The survival rates in patients with stage II NPC showed increasing trends from 1990 to 2012. The advance of RT provided excellent locoregional control and enhanced OS.
Cohort Studies ; Diagnosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to subdivide M1 stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with bone-only metastases for prognosis prediction while identifying the treatment effect of locoregional radiotherapy (LRRT) and metastasis radiotherapy (MRT) among patients with different risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From November 2006 to October 2016, a total of 226 patients with bone-only metastasic NPC were retrospectively enrolled. All patients developed distant lesions before receiving treatment. All potential prognostic factors were considered and the correlation of the M1 subdivisions with overall survival (OS) was determined by Cox regression hazards model. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to appraise survival condition and log-rank testing was used to compare the differences. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 33.9 months (range, 3 to 126 months). According to multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, the number of metastatic lesions and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA status after palliative chemotherapy (PCT) were independent prognostic factors for OS. Thus, we subdivided patients into three risk groups according to these two factors. Systemic chemotherapy combined with LRRT may benefit patients in low- and intermediate-risk groups but not in the high-risk group. Further aggressive MRT based on systemic chemotherapy showed no survival benefit in any risk group. CONCLUSION: The stratification of NPC patients with bone-only metastasis based on EBV DNA after PCT and the number of metastatic lesions provided promising prognostic value and could aid clinicians in person-specific treatment.
Diagnosis ; DNA ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Radiotherapy ; Retrospective Studies