The corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection has assumed global pandemic status in a short period of time since its outbreak.This public health crisis has inflicted unprecedented damage and challenges to more than 200 countries and regions around the word.As the peak of the epidemic gradually subsides,an increasing amount of attention has been shifted to the issue of long-term sequelae in COVID-19 patients.These sequelae are manifested as the continuous dysfunction of multiple organ systems and are known as Long COVID.In response to this new issue,clinical pathological research has continuously made new progress,posing new requirements and challenges for the pre-vention and treatment of Long COVID.This article aims to review the progress of clinical pathological research on Long COVID in recent years,with the expectation of providing new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Objective:Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)can significantly improve the clinical prognosis of various types of cancer and are increasingly used in surgical combination therapy for lung cancer.However,ICIs can cause serious or fatal immune-related ad-verse events(irAEs),and effective patient assessment and family training are essential for the prevention of irAEs in neoadjuvant im-munotherapy.Therefore,this study aims to determine the educational needs for the prevention of irAEs in patients with lung cancer af-ter neoadjuvant therapy.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed for the medical records of 178 patients with lung cancer who received neoadjuvant therapy from March 2021 to September 2023,and the frequency and severity of irAEs and unplanned hospitaliza-tion due to irAEs were evaluated.Educational needs were assessed based on initial symptoms,caregivers,telephone counselling,and the interval between the appearance of symptoms and the arrival at the hospital.Results:Among the 178 patients available for assess-ment,86 patients(48.3%)experienced irAEs during the study period.Pneumonia observed in 13 patients was the most common irAE requiring hospitalization,followed by dermatitis in 2 patients and adrenal insufficiency in 2 patients.There was a relatively high inci-dence rate of severe irAEs requiring hospitalization among the patients with lung cancer receiving neoadjuvant therapy.Conclusion:Severe irAEs can be avoided through training of related knowledge for patients and their families,timely assessment and reporting of slight changes in symptoms after neoadjuvant therapy by caregivers,focus on commonly observe severe irAEs,and early detection.

The corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection has assumed global pandemic status in a short period of time since its outbreak.This public health crisis has inflicted unprecedented damage and challenges to more than 200 countries and regions around the word.As the peak of the epidemic gradually subsides,an increasing amount of attention has been shifted to the issue of long-term sequelae in COVID-19 patients.These sequelae are manifested as the continuous dysfunction of multiple organ systems and are known as Long COVID.In response to this new issue,clinical pathological research has continuously made new progress,posing new requirements and challenges for the pre-vention and treatment of Long COVID.This article aims to review the progress of clinical pathological research on Long COVID in recent years,with the expectation of providing new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Developing and implementing biosafety standards for pathogenic microbiology laboratories is essential to achieving scientific, efficient, and standardized management and operation. This article analyzes the current standardization construction in biosafety in pathogenic microbiology laboratories domestically and internationally. It proposes a framework for the biosafety standard system of pathogenic microbiology laboratories, which mainly includes four parts: basic standards, management standards, technical standards, and industry applications. It provides a reference for the standardization work of pathogenic microbiology laboratories and helps to standardize the biosafety industry in China.

Objective Tostudy the influence of pipe structures on the mixing uniformity of airborne effluents from nuclear power plant chimneys. Methods We used the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method to simulate the velocity distribution and gas mixing in long straight pipes (I type) with square section and circular section, 90° single-bend pipes (L type) with square section and circular section, and 90° double-bend pipes (S type and U type) with square section and circular section. Results For the long straight pipe, due to the lack of flow disturbance caused by structural changes, the mixing effect was not good; when the pipe section was circular, it might take mixing distance 20 times the hydraulic diameter to achieve the uniformity index required by the relevant standard; for the square pipe, the distance might be longer. In the single bend pipe with square section, the velocity uniformity was improved more greatly after the bend, and the tracer gas met the mixing uniformity at a shorter distance (11 times the hydraulic diameter), as compared with the single bend pipe with circular section. For the S-type double-bend pipe, the tracer gas appeared uniformly mixed after a distance 6 times the hydraulic diameter in the square pipe, and 7 times the hydraulic diameter in the circular pipe. For the U-type double-bend pipe, the gas in the square pipe also achieved uniform mixing ata shorter distance downstream, and the airflow showed greater disturbance when passing through the bend. Conclusion The CFD method can make an accurate prediction for the change patterns of gas mixing uniformity in pipes with different structures, and can partially replace physical experiments to study the factors affecting the mixing uniformity of airborne effluents from the chimney of nuclear power plants.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and genetic features of three patient diagnosed with Kleefstra syndrome. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out for the probands and their parents. Suspected variants were validated by Sanger sequencing. Copy number variations (CNV) were detected by CNV-seq and validated by real-time PCR. RESULTS: Proband 1 was found to carry a de novo heterogeneous variant (c.823+1G>T) of the EHMT1 gene, which may affect its expression. Based on the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, the variant was predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1+PS2+PM2). Proband 2 was found to carry a de novo missense variant c.439C>G (p.L147V) of the EHMT1 gene, which was predicted to be likely pathogenic (PS2+PM1+PM2+PP3). Proband 3 was found to carry a heterozygous 520 kb deletion at 9q34.3 by CNV-seq. The deletion has encompassed the whole of the EHMT1 gene. Real-time PCR has detected no CNV of this region in her parents. CONCLUSION Variants of the EHMT1 gene probably underlay the disease in these patients. Genetic testing has provided a basis for their clinical diagnosis.
Chromosome Deletion ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 ; Craniofacial Abnormalities ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; Female ; Genetic Testing ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability/genetics* ; Mutation

COVID-19/virology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification*

An unexpected observation among the COVID-19 pandemic is that smokers constituted only 1.4%-18.5% of hospitalized adults, calling for an urgent investigation to determine the role of smoking in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we show that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) increase ACE2 mRNA but trigger ACE2 protein catabolism. BaP induces an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent upregulation of the ubiquitin E3 ligase Skp2 for ACE2 ubiquitination. ACE2 in lung tissues of non-smokers is higher than in smokers, consistent with the findings that tobacco carcinogens downregulate ACE2 in mice. Tobacco carcinogens inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike protein pseudovirions infection of the cells. Given that tobacco smoke accounts for 8 million deaths including 2.1 million cancer deaths annually and Skp2 is an oncoprotein, tobacco use should not be recommended and cessation plan should be prepared for smokers in COVID-19 pandemic.
Adult ; Animals ; COVID-19 ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Lung ; Mice ; Pandemics ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics*

Objective:The risk points of highly pathogenic virus culture in BSL-3 laboratory in basket bioreactor were evaluated, and the safety of virus culture in BSL-3 laboratory was judged by monitoring virus concentration in three stages of virus inoculation, culture and harvest.Methods:Smear samples were taken from the tank and joints of the basket biorereactor at three stages of virus inoculation, culture and harvest with sterilized swabs. At the same time, in the biological safety cabinet, air samples were taken for virus inoculation and harvesting operations using AirPortMD8 air sampler, and in the three stages after operation, the personal protective equipment of researchers was to apply sampling, with three ways to monitoring.Results:During the three stages of virus inoculation, culture and receipt, the virus test result of samples taken in the tank and the junction of the basket bioreactor were all negative, the virus test result of air samples taken during the operation stage of inoculation and receipt were all negative, and the virus test result of samples taken in the personal protective equipment of the experimenter were all negative.Conclusions:The basket bioreactor method for virus culture in BSL-3 laboratory is safe and reliable, and the test result show that there is no virus leakage during the whole operation process, thus ensuring the biosafety of experimenter and laboratory environment.

OBJECTIVE： To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of TCM compound preparation for tonifying kidney and activating blood circulation， and to provide evidence-based reference for rational drug use in the clinic. METHODS： By retrieving Cochrane library， PubMed， Embase， CBM， CNKI， VIP and Wanfang database， randomized controlled trials （RCTs） about TCM compound preparation for tonifying kidney and activating blood circulation （trial group） versus calcium or non-calcium agents （control group） in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis were included. After literature screening， data extraction and quality evaluation with bias risk evaluation tool and Jadad scale of Cochrane system evaluator manual 5.1.0， Meta-analysis was conducted by using Stata 12.0 software， and trial sequential analysis （TSA） was conducted by using TSA 0.9 software. RESULTS： Totally 18 RCTs were included， involving 1 408 patients. The results of Meta-analysis showed that total response rate [RR＝1.35，95％CI（1.17，1.54），P＜0.000 1] and bone density[SMD＝0.24，95％CI（0.16，0.32），P＜0.000 1] of trial group were significantly higher than those of control group； blood calcium [SMD＝－0.05，95％CI（－0.09，0.00）， P＝0.033] of trial group was significantly lower than that of control group. There was no statistical significance in the levels of urine creatinine [SMD＝－1.60，95％CI（－5.94，2.74），P＝0.470]， urinary calcium/urine creatinine ratio [SMD＝－0.05，95％CI（－0.14，0.04），P＝0.295]， urinary hydroxyproline/urine creatinine ratio [SMD＝－0.16，95％CI（－1.04，0.72），P＝0.726]， ALT [SMD＝0.51，95％CI（－3.26，4.28），P＝0.790]， AST [SMD＝0.23，95％CI（－5.22，4.77），P＝0.929]， serum alkaline phosphatase [SMD＝－0.22，95％CI（－0.68，0.25），P＝0.361]， serum phosphate [SMD＝－0.02，95％CI（－0.11，0.07），P＝0.639]， urea nitrogen [SMD＝－0.19，95％CI（－0.70，0.31），P＝0.453]， estradiol [SMD＝0.62，95％CI（－0.28，1.52），P＝0.177]， IL-6 [SMD＝－1.78，95％CI（－4.86，1.30），P＝0.258] or VAS [SMD＝0.55，95％CI（－1.03，2.13），P＝0.496] between 2 groups. No server ADR was found in 2 groups. TSA showed that there were extract evidences for total response rate of TCM compound preparation in the treatment postmenopausal osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS： TCM compound preparation for tonifying kidney and activating blood circulation shows significant therapeutic efficacy for postmenopausal osteoporosis， and can improve serum calcium and bone density with good safety.