Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

Objective:To evaluate the immunogenicity and immune persistence of purified Vero cells rabies vaccine (PVRV) with Zagreb and Essen regimen.Methods:Prospective study: Patients with first Class II exposure to rabies were recruited from the Dog Injury Cinic of Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangxi CDC) and randomly divided into the Zagreb (2-1-1) and Essen (1-1-1-1-1) regimen group. All patients were inoculated with the vaccines from the same manufacturer and batch, and 3 ml serum was collected at the 45th day and in 1-year, 2-year and 3-year after immunization. Rapid fluorescent inhibition test (RFFIT) was used to detect rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA). The attenuation of RVNA positive rate and geometric mean titer (GMT) with time was analyzed. Retrospective study: The informed consents for rabies vaccine in the Dog Injury Clinic of Guangxi CDC were checked out. The patients who were injected with PVRV (same manufacturer but unlimited batch) but without passive immune agents for the first time within 3 years were selected and divided into 1-year, 2-year and 3-year group. Each group was further divided into Zagreb and Essen regimen group. The serum (3 ml) was collected at 1 year, 2 years and 3 years after immunization and detected the RVNA by RFFIT.Results:Prospective study: The RVNA positive rates on the 45th day and in 1-year, 2-year and 3-year after immunizationin in the Zagreb and Essen regimen group were 100%, 95%, 85%, 80% and 98.25%, 89.47%, 89.47%, 85.96%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the RVNA positive rates at the same time point between the two regimen groups ( P>0.05). The RVNA GMT on the 45th day and in 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year in the Zagreb and Essen regimen group were 11.32 IU/ml, 1.69 IU/ml, 1.30 IU/ml, 1.30 IU/m and 13.18 IU/ml, 2.13 IU/ml, 1.87 IU/ml, 1.84 IU/m, respectively. There was no significant difference in the RVNA GMT levels at the same time point between the two regimen groups ( F=1.971, P=0.164). The RVNA GMT levels in the two regimen groups had the same trend of attenuation over time (time*group F=0.702, P=0.435). Retrospective study: The RVNA positive rates in 1-year, 2-year and 3-year after immunization in the Zagreb and Essen regimen group were 100%, 95%, 91.43%和94.73%, 86.21%, 87.5%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the RVNA positive rates at the same time point between the two regimen groups ( P>0.05). The RVNA GMT in 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year groups after immunization in the Zagreb and Essen regimen group were 2.65 IU/ml, 2.03 IU/ml, 1.57 IU/ml和3.2 IU/ml, 2.58 IU/ml, 2.45 IU/ml, respectively. There was no significant difference in the RVNA GMT levels at the same time point between the two regimen groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The PVRV showed the same excellent immunogenicity and immune persistence after the vaccination with the Zagreb and Essen regimens.

Objective:To investigate cytomegalovirus detoxification and associated factors among preschool children in Yinan County, Shandong Province.Methods:Two kindergartens were selected from the county and township of Yinan respectively. A total of 250 children were investigated in October 2018. Case information was obtained through the child′s guardian. Saliva samples of children and their mothers were collected for cytomegalovirus realtime-PCR detection.The status of CMV detoxification of children was explored and the associated factors were analyzed.Results:A total of 242 preschool children were investigated, and the detoxification rate of cytomegalovirus among them was 22.31% (54/242, 95% CI: 17.0%-27.6%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the rate of detoxification was higher in children whose mothers were cytomegalovirus detoxified ( OR=12.39, 95% CI:1.73-88.65)and whose school was located in the county ( OR=3.58 ,95% CI:1.34-9.55). Conclusions:The detoxification rate of cytomegalovirus in preschool children is high, and there is mutual transmission between children and mothers. Women of childbearing age should pay attention to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus infection when they come into contact with children.

Objective:To investigate cytomegalovirus detoxification and associated factors among preschool children in Yinan County, Shandong Province.Methods:Two kindergartens were selected from the county and township of Yinan respectively. A total of 250 children were investigated in October 2018. Case information was obtained through the child′s guardian. Saliva samples of children and their mothers were collected for cytomegalovirus realtime-PCR detection.The status of CMV detoxification of children was explored and the associated factors were analyzed.Results:A total of 242 preschool children were investigated, and the detoxification rate of cytomegalovirus among them was 22.31% (54/242, 95% CI: 17.0%-27.6%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the rate of detoxification was higher in children whose mothers were cytomegalovirus detoxified ( OR=12.39, 95% CI:1.73-88.65)and whose school was located in the county ( OR=3.58 ,95% CI:1.34-9.55). Conclusions:The detoxification rate of cytomegalovirus in preschool children is high, and there is mutual transmission between children and mothers. Women of childbearing age should pay attention to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus infection when they come into contact with children.

This article summarizes the literature about studies onToll-like receptor 2and acupuncture points and explores thecorrelationand action of Toll-like receptor 2inacupuncture information start-up and conduction mechanism from the biological characteristics of Toll-like receptor 2and the relationship of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated signal pathways tomast cells, acupuncture effects and the immuno-neuro-endocrine network.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Female ; Hirschsprung Disease ; therapy ; Humans ; Infant

Objective To investigate the influence of mannitol and glycerin injection (containing 15％ mannitol and 15％ glycerin) on experimental intracranial hypertension.Methods Rabbits were randomly divided into eight groups (n =8 rabbits/group):normal control group,model control group,mannitol-glycerol injection groups (2.5 ml/kg group,5 ml/kg group,and 10 ml/kg group),compound mannitol injection fluid group,20％ mannitol group,and 10％ glycerol-sodium chloride injection group.The continuous intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin [0.04 mg/(kg · min),10 min] on rabbits was used to establish intracranial hypertension model except the normal control group of animals,and effect of mannitol glycerol injection on it with a single intravenous injection was observed.Serum renal function,electrolytes and other indicators were tested.Results Intravenous infusion of mannitol glycerol injection (2.5 ml/kg,5 ml/kg,and 10 ml/kg) could significantly reduce rabbit nitroglycerin-induced intracranial hypertension,and dosedependent,with increasing dose reducing intracranial pressure could enhance(P ＜ 0.05).Mannitol glycerol injection (5 ml/kg) produced the same intracranial pressure compared to 20％ mannitol and compound mannitol injection,and maintained a long-time role.Conclusions Mannitol glycerin injection can significantly reduce intracranial pressure.Its intensity is the same as 20％ mannitol and compound mannitol injection,and maintains a longer intracranial pressure without significant renal dysfunction and electrolyte distnrhances.

Objective To explore the nursing needs and analysis of its influencing factors in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients.Methods The situation of self-nursing and the mastering the related nursing knowledge of DM in 200 DM patients from September 2011 and January 2011 were evaluated by full-time follow-up survey and questionnaire , and the results of investigation were analyzed .Results The degree of mastering the related knowledge of complication was lowest in 200 DM patients, and was only 11.5%.The degree of mastering the content of diet treatment in the daily nursing , the method of monitoring blood glucose , the time and method of injecting insulin were highest , and were respectively 68.5%, 69.5% and 69.5%.There was a positive correlation between the frequency and method of monitoring blood glucose on daily (r=0.524, P<0.05).The use of insulin was positively correlated with the injection method of insulin and the understanding degree of notes (r=0.642, P<0.05).The daily amount of exercise was positive correlated with the purpose , significance and method of exercise (r=0.500, P<0.05).The rationality of controlling diet and the degree of understanding the related knowledge of diet therapy was positively correlated (r=0.701, P<0.05).Conclusions We should actively carry out the comprehensive and systematic self-nursing education in DM patients , and strengthen the nursing concept of complications and protection concept of possible complications in patients.

Tetrandrine, a bis-benzy 1-i soqui noline alkaloid isolated from Radix Stephania tetrandra S. Moor, was proved to be a calcium antagonist. Its effects upon the heart conduction system were investigated in anesthetized rabbits.Tetrandrine 8 mg/kg iv could prolong the sino-atrial conduction time & the sinus node recovery time from 50 ? 13 ms & 286? 36 ms to 75?19 ms ( n= 8 , P

Neferine, an alkaloid, isolated form Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn,has antiarrhytbmic effect. The present report deals with its action on the ECG in rat & the surface potential of toad sciatic nerve.Neferine could prolong ECG, P-R & Q-T intervals, and widen QRS in a dose-dependent manner, The effects are similar to quini-dine, and dissimilar to tetrandrine. The inhibitory effects of neferine & quinidine on the surface potential of toad sciatic nerve are similar in potency.